LESSON

3
THE CELLULAR BASIS
OF LIFE
Are you aware that all organisms even the largest, start their life from a
cell then goes to form such a large organism? The cell is the basic units of life
which function all the chemical reaction necessary for the growth and
reproduction of life. It is the smallest and independent units of life. There are two
types of cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Topic Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to;

 Understand the cell as the basic unit of life, the types of cell
and cell division.

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 1

 Pre-activity

CROSWORD PUZZLE

Answer the crossword and use the clues provided below to find the 8
words.

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE

Across
3. The division of the cytoplasm
4. The power house of the cell.
7. The cells has a membrane bound nucleus containing DNA and other
structure called organelles
8. Division of the nucleus and also known as karyokinesis

Down
1. Formation of Gametes (Eggs & Sperm)
2. The prokaryotes (“before nucleus”) are single celled organism that is lack in
nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.
5. The basic unit that conforms the function of life.
6. The control center of the cell

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 2

 Self-assessment

The following assessments are the set of knowledge that may prepare you and
checked your knowledge regarding the subject. Place a check mark in the
response option that most closely matches your perception. Below are the
scales;
5-Advanced
4- Proficient
3- Approaching Proficiency
2. Developing
1-Beginning

STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1

I know the following;

 The cell are the basic building block of all living
thing.
 The organelles inside the cell.
 The types of cell
 The cell division
o Prokaryotes
o Eukaryotes
 The cell cycle
 The mitosis and meiosis
 The comparison of mitosis and meiosis.

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 3

 Read and Learn
CELL
 Cells are the basic building block of all living thing.
 It provides structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those
nutrients into energy and carry out specialized functions.
 Cell also contain the body’s hereditary material and reproduction.

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 4

TYPES OF CELL

1. PROKARYOTES
a. The prokaryotes (“before nucleus”) are single celled organism that
is lack in nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.
2. EUKARYOTES
a. The eukaryotes (“true nucleus) have cells with a membrane bound
nucleus containing DNA and other structure called organelles.

CELL DIVISION

 All cells are derived from pre-existing cells

 New cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells
 Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 5

Prokaryotic Chromosome
 The DNA of prokaryotes (bacteria) is one, circular chromosome attached
to the inside of the cell membrane
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
 All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in chromosomes
 Most eukaryotes have between 10 and 50 chromosomes in their body
cells
 Human body cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 identical pairs
 Each chromosome is composed of a single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
 Chromosomes can’t be seen when cells aren’t dividing and are called
chromatin

CELL DIVISION PROKARYOTES

 Prokaryotes such as bacteria divide into 2 identical cells by the process

of binary fission

 Single chromosome makes a copy of itself

 Cell wall forms between the chromosomes dividing the cell

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 6

THE CELL CYCLE
FIVE PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
1 G1 - primary growth phase
2 S – synthesis; DNA replicated
3 G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are called interphase
4 M - mitosis
5 C - cytokinesis

Interphase - G1 Stage
 1st growth stage after cell division
 Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles
 Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities
Interphase – S Stage
 Synthesis stage
 DNA is copied or replicated
Interphase – G2 Stage
 2nd Growth Stage
 Occurs after DNA has been copied
 All cell structures needed for division are made (e.g. centrioles)
 Both organelles & proteins are synthesized

EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION

 Used for growth and repair
 Produce two new cells identical to the original cell
 Cells are diploid (2n)

MITOSIS
– Division of the nucleus
– Also called karyokinesis
– Only occurs in eukaryotes

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 7

 – Has four stages
– Doesn’t occur in some cells such as brain cells

FOUR MITOTIC STAGES

A. Prophase

Early Prophase
 Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form
visible chromosomes
 Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
Late Prophase
 Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are broken
down
 Chromosomes continue condensing & are
clearly visible
 Spindle fibers called kinetochores attach to
the centromere of each chromosome
 Spindle finishes forming between the poles of the cell

B. Metaphase

 Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore

fibers, move to the center of the cell.
 Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator

C. Anaphase

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 8

  Occurs rapidly
 Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite
poles of the cell by kinetochore fibers

D. Telophase
 Sister chromatids at opposite poles.
 Spindle disassembles.
 Nuclear envelope forms around each set
of sister chromatids
 Nucleolus reappears
 Cytokinesis occurs
 Chromosomes reappear as chromatin

E. Cytokinesis
 Means division of the cytoplasm
 Division of cell into two, identical halves
called daughter cells
 In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cell
 In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell

Uncontrolled Mitosis
 If mitosis is not controlled, unlimited cell division occurs causing
cancerous tumors
 Oncogenes are special proteins that increase the chance that a normal
cell develops into a tumor cell

Meiosis
-Formation of Gametes (Eggs & Sperm)
– Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication
– Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I and Meiosis II
– Called Reduction- division
– Original cell is diploid (2n)
– Four daughter cells produced that are monoploid (1n)

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 9

 – Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original
cell
– Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
– Occurs in the testes in males (Spermatogenesis)
– Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis)
– Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes (2n)
– After 1 division - 23 double stranded chromosomes (n)
– After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes (n)
– Occurs in our germ cells that produce gametes

Why Do we Need Meiosis?

 It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction
 Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to
form a diploid (2n) zygote
Meiosis I: Reduction Division
Prophase I
Early prophase
 Homologs pair.
 Crossing over occurs.

Late prophase
 Chromosomes condense.
 Spindle forms.
 Nuclear envelope fragment

 Tetrads Form

 Crossing-Over
o Homologous chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other
o Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged
o Produces Genetic recombination in the offspring

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 10

Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the
cell

Anaphase I
 Homologs separate and move to opposite poles.
 Sister chromatids remain
 attached at their centromeres.

Telophase I
 Nuclear envelopes reassemble.
 Spindle disappears.
 Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

Meiosis II
– produces gametes with one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy
of each gene.

Prophase II

 Nuclear envelope fragments.

 Spindle forms.

Metaphase II

 Chromosomes align along equator of cell.

Anaphase II

 Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 11

Telophase II
 Nuclear envelope assembles.
 Chromosomes decondense.
 Spindle disappears.
 Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

Results of Meiosis
 Gametes (egg & sperm) form
 Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome
 One allele of each gene
 Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the
chromosome.

COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Division One Two

Independent Assortment No Yes (MetaphaseI)

Synapsis No Yes –form bivalents

Crossing over No Yes (Prophase)

Outcome Two cells Four cell

Ploidy Diploid Haploid

Use Body cells Sex cells (gametes)

Gametes Identical Variation

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 12

 Try this….

PRACTICE EXERCISE NO.1

I. Define what is cell.

CELL

II. Types of cell

Types of cell

III. List ALL the organelles write the location , brief description,
and function of each in table form.

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 13

 PRACTICE EXERCISE NO.2

A. Direction: Illustrate the mitosis

B. Direction: Name the phase of Meiosis

C.

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 14

 You connect…
WITH THE CLASS…
Keep posted in our group chat for some questions and for your inquiry
related to our topic.

WITH THE WORLD…

Published book
Padilla et. al (2005). Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Environmental Science.
Pearson Pearson Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
ELECTRONIC SOURCE :
https://www.presentica.com/ppt/85413/prologue-to-biotechnology-217374
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/cell-line

MAIN TASK

THE CELL CYCLE

1. In a short bond paper draw the five phases of the cell cycle in
detailed.
o G1 - primary growth phase
o S – synthesis; DNA replicated
o G2 - secondary growth phase
 collectively these 3 stages are called
interphase
o M - mitosis
o C - cytokinesis

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 15

 OUTPUT RUBRIC

Name:___________________________ Date:____________________

Program:_________________________

Criteria 1-NO 2- 3-PARTIAL 4- 5-

ATTEMP PROFICI SOPHISTICA
TED ENT TED

Content Unclear Contents Content are Ideas are Make uses of

content are relevant but relevant, variety of
irrelevant, limited, topic are sources and
inaccurate overly specified properly
or general or and cited,
inappropri inconsistent consistent information
ate ly provided ly are relevant
achieved and
objectives
clearly
targeted.
Organizat Disorgani Unclear Merely Organize Organized
ion zed organizati organized d and presentation
on, and everythin of information
missing or underdevel g is in logical
confusing. oped defined manner,
and interesting
aligned sequence
with the and well
content. defined

Creativity Uncreativ Has Output is Uses Uses initiative

e similar common. initiative in selecting
output but materials,
materials unique and
are fully polished.
inappropri
ate and
merely
unique.

Time Very late Late Submitted Submitted Submitted the

consciou submissi submissio on time and on time output prior to
s on n and output are and deadline and
output are for output is quality are
for compliance good above
complianc only condition. average.
e only

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 16

 Posttest

TRUE OR FALSE.
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it’s not.
1. Cell wall are the basic building block of all living thing.
2. The eukaryotes are single celled organism that is lack in nuclei
and other membrane-bound organelles.
3. The DNA of prokaryotes is one, circular chromosome attached
to the inside of the cell membrane
4. The eukaryotes such as bacteria divide into 2 identical cells by
the process of binary fission
5. During G1 stage DNA is copied or replicated.
6. In Prophase chromosomes are now lined up at the equator
7. The cytokinesis means division of the cytoplasm
8. In plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator to divide cell while
in animal cells, cleavage furrow forms to split cell
9. The Meiosis is the formation of gametes.
10. The result of meiosis are four haploid cells with one copy of
each chromosome

THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 17

 Reflection
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THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE 18