The Five Kingdoms

Organisms

Monera Protista / Fungi Plantae Animalia

Protoctista

A quick recap:
 Kingdom: Monera
[The organisms are called prokaryotes in general]

Unicellular

No nucleus. The genetic materials float in the cytoplasm.

(prokaryotic cells)

How to write…
No membrane-bound organelles like plastid, mitochondria etc.
But ribosome is present.

Mostly there is a cell wall (capsule).

Reproduce through the process of binary fission (amitosis).

Get nutrition by absorption,

in some cases by photosynthesis (blue-green algae).

Example: Bacteria, Blue-green algae etc. Binary

Fission
 Kingdom: Protista / Protoctista
[The organisms are called protists/protoctists in general]

Mostly unicellular Ingestion

Fully structured nucleus is present (eukaryotic cells)

All types of cellular organelles are present.

There may or may not be a cell wall.

Modes of nutrition:
absorption, ingestion or photosynthesis.

Asexual reproduction by mitosis, sexual reproduction by

conjugation.

Example: Amoeba, Paramecium, Spirogyra etc.

 Kingdom: Fungi
[The organisms are called fungi in general]

Mostly multicellular

Fully structured nucleus is present (eukaryotic cells)

How to write…
All types of cellular organelles are present.

Cell wall is present and made of chitin.

Mode of nutrition:
absorption (they’re saprophytic or parasitic)

Asexual reproduction by mitosis, sexual reproduction by

spores.

Example: Penicillium, Yeast etc.

 Kingdom: Plantae
[The organisms are called plants in general] Plant
Tissue System

Multicellular

Fully structured nucleus is present (eukaryotic cells)

How to write…
All types of cellular organelles are present.
Cell wall is made of cellulose.

Advanced tissue system present.

Mode of nutrition: photosynthesis

Mostly sexual reproduction takes place.

Examples: Moss, Fern, Flowering plants etc.

 Kingdom: Animalia

Multicellular

Fully structured nucleus is present (eukaryotic cells)

How to write…
All types of cellular organelles are present.
Cell wall is absent.

Advanced and complex tissue system present.

Mode of nutrition: ingestion.

Sexual reproduction takes place.

Example: mammals, birds, fishes, insects, snails etc.

 Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Number of cells … … … …

Nucleus … … … …

… … … …
How to write…
Other organelles

Cell wall … … … …

Tissue system … … … …

Mode of nutrition … … … …

Reproduction … … … …
 Organisms

Monera Protista / Fungi Plantae Animalia

Protoctista

The organisms are called

prokaryotes in general. The organisms are The organisms are The organisms are The organisms are
called protists / called fungi in called plants in called animals in
As they have prokaryotic cells. protoctists in general. general. general.
general.
It means that the cells have no
nucleus.
The genetic materials float in
the cytoplasm.
BUT
All of these organisms can also be called
eukaryotes.

As they have eukaryotic cells.

It means that the cells have well-structured

nucleus.

A well structured nucleus contains nuclear

membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus etc.
 Where did virus go?

• There is controversy regarding the viruses.

• Many scientists do not count them as living organisms because-
1. They have no other signs of life except reproduction
2. They can only reproduce inside host cells (the cells of a living organism)

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• Viruses do not have usual biological cells with cytoplasm, organelles etc.
• A virus simply consists of DNA/RNA (genetic material) surrounded by a coat of
protein molecules (nucleocapsid).
• Some viruses have another protein envelope outside this nucleocapsid.

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• Viruses cause mild diseases like common cold, viral fever etc.
• They are also responsible for serious diseases like- COVID-19, AIDS etc.
• Viruses enter a host cell > Take control of that cell > Make lots of copies of
themselves using that cell > Burst out of that cell to invade other cells > Repeat

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Thanks!

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