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-transitional epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
Non-keratinised Stratified Epithelium- found on wet
surface subjected to wear & tear but are protected
from drying. eg Conjunctiva, lining of the mouth, the
pharynx, the oesophagus and the vagina.
Mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the
peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities and
covers the viscera
Glands
Glands are cells or organs that secrete
something; that is, they produce a substance
that has a function either at that site or at a
more distant site.
Production & secretion of needed
substances
Are aqueous (water-based) products
The protein product is made in rough ER,
packed into secretory granules by Golgi
apparatus, released from the cell by
exocytosis
Classification of glands
By where they release their product
Exocrine: external secretion onto body
surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
Endocrine: secrete messenger molecules
(hormones) which are carried by blood to
target organs; “ductless” glands
By whether they are unicellular or
multicellular
Exocrine glands
unicellular or multicellular
Product: mucin
mucus is mucin & water
Multicellular exocrine glands
Examples of exocrine gland products
Many types of mucus secreting glands
Sweat glands of skin
Oil glands of skin
Salivary glands of mouth
Liver (bile)
Pancreas (digestive enzymes) The exocrine
portions secrete digestive enzymes that are
carried by ducts to the duodenum of the small
intestine, their site of action
Mammary glands (milk)
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands
(continued)
Cilia
Whiplike motile
extentions of the
apical surface
membranes
Flagellum
Long isolated
cilium
Only found as
sperm in human
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Connective tissue proper (examples: fat
tissue, fibrous tissue of ligaments)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Muscletissue
Nervous tissue
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is distinguished by its
extracellular matrix.
Functions of Connective Tissue
*
1. Loose connective tissue
■ Loose (areolar) connective tissue has many
different cell types and a random arrangement of
protein fibers with space between the fibers. This
tissue fills spaces around the organs and attaches
the skin to underlying tissues.
2.Dense connective tissue
■ Dense regular connective tissue is composed of
fibers arranged in one direction, which provides
strength in a direction parallel to the fiber
orientation. Two types of dense regular connective
tissue exist: collagenous (tendons and most
ligaments) and elastic (ligaments of vertebrae).
Dense irregular connective tissue has
fibers organized in many directions, which
produces strength in different directions.
Two types of dense irregular connective
tissue exist: collagenous (capsules of
organs and dermis of skin) and elastic
(large arteries).
Connective tissue with special properties
Adipose tissue has fat cells (adipocytes) filled
with lipid and very little extracellular matrix (a
few reticular fibers).
Adipose tissue functions as energy storage,
insulation, and protection. Adipose tissue can be
yellow (white) or brown. Brown fat is specialized
for generating heat.
Reticular tissue is a network of reticular fibers and
forms the framework of lymphoid tissue, bone
marrow, and the liver.
Hemopoietic tissue, or red bone marrow, is the site
of blood cell formation, and yellow bone marrow
is a site of fat storage.
Classes of Connective Tissue
*
Classes of Connective Tissue
*
4. Cartilage
Cartilage has a relatively rigid matrix composed of
protein fibers and proteoglycan aggregates. The
major cell type is the chondrocyte, which is located
within lacunae.
*
Bone
Bone cells, or osteocytes, are located in
lacunae that are surrounded by a
mineralized matrix (hydroxyapatite) that
makes bone very hard. Cancellous bone has
spaces between bony trabeculae, and
compact bone is more solid.
Classes of Connective Tissue
*
Blood and hemopoietic tissue
■ Blood cells are suspended in a fluid
matrix.
■ Hemopoietic tissue forms blood cells.
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Nervous tissue
5.5: Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal muscle
• Attached to bones
• Striated
• General characteristics: • Voluntary
• Muscle cells also called
muscle fibers • Smooth muscle
• Contractile • Walls of organs
• Three (3) types: • Skin
• Skeletal muscle • Walls of blood vessels
• Smooth muscle • Involuntary
• Cardiac muscle • Non-striated
• Cardiac muscle
• Heart wall
• Involuntary
• Striated
• Intercalated discs
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Muscle Tissue
1. Muscle tissue has the ability to contract, or shortens
2. Skeletal (striated(banded) voluntary) muscle attaches to
bone and is responsible for body movement. Skeletal
muscle cells are long, cylindrically shaped cells with
many peripherally located nuclei.
3. Cardiac (striated involuntary) muscle cells are cylindrical,
branching cells with a single, central nucleus. Cardiac
muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for
pumping blood through the circulatory system.
4. Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) muscle forms the walls
of hollow organs, the iris of the eye, and other structures.
Its cells are spindle shaped with a single, central
nucleus.
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Neurons
Supporting cells
It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves and is characterized by the ability
to conduct electric signals called action
potentials
It consists of neurons, which are
responsible for this conductive ability, and
support cells called neuroglia.
Neurons , or nerve cells, are the
conducting cells of nervous tissue.
They are composed of three major parts:
cell body, dendrites, and axon.
Neuron- basic
structural unit of the
nervous system
Dendrites- carry
impulses towards the
cell
Axon-carry impulses
away from the cell
Myelin sheath
Synaptic terminal
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Neurons that possess several dendrites
and one axon are called multipolar
neurons
■ Labile cells divide throughout life and can undergo regeneration.eg skin,
mucous membranes, and hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues,
■ Stable cells do not ordinarily divide after growth is complete but can
regenerate if necessary.eg liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands
■ Permanent cells cannot replicate. If killed, permanent tissue is repaired by
replacement. Eg. Neurons
2. Tissue repair by primary union occurs when the edges of the wound
are close together.
Secondary union occurs when the edges are far apart.
Tumors (neoplasms): abnormal growth
of cells