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ATUTORNU BERNICE(RGN)
Introduction to microbiology.
I. Escherichia coli (E. coli): Found in the intestines of humans and animals.
VIRUSES
FUNGI
PARASITE
ARCHAE
I. Methanogens: Archaea that produce methane and can be found in the digestive tracts of animals.
II. - Thermococcus litoralis: A type of archaea that lives in hot, deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
ALGAE
Health promotion: While some microorganisms can cause diseases, many are beneficial to human health. The microbiota
in our gut, composed of numerous microorganisms, helps maintain a balanced immune system, aids digestion, and
synthesizes vitamins. Additionally, some microorganisms are crucial in the production of antibiotics and vaccines.
Industrial applications: Microorganisms have a wide range of industrial applications. They are used to produce enzymes,
biofuels, bioplastics, and various chemicals. Additionally, certain bacteria are employed in wastewater treatment plants to
break down organic matter and purify water.
Agriculture and crop productivity: Microorganisms play a significant role in agriculture. They contribute to the
decomposition of organic matter, enhance soil fertility, and assist in nutrient cycling. Some microorganisms form beneficial
relationships with plant roots, promoting growth and protecting against pathogens. This can lead to increased crop yields
and reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
. Research and biotechnology: Microorganisms offer valuable research tools for studying fundamental biological processes.
They are used as model systems in genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Moreover, microorganisms serve as hosts
for the production of recombinant proteins and other biotechnological applications
.Food production: Microorganisms are involved in various food production processes. They are responsible for fermentation,
which is used to produce foods like bread, cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, and soy sauce. Microbes are also used in the
production of probiotics and dietary supplements that promote gut health.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS TO HUMAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Contamination of water sources: Some microorganisms, such as certain strains of bacteria and protozoa, can
contaminate water sources and cause waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and giardiasis. This poses a significant
risk to human health, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation and water treatment facilities
Environmental disruptions: Certain microorganisms can disrupt ecosystems and have negative impacts on biodiversity.
For instance, harmful algal blooms (HABs) can occur due to excessive growth of certain algae, leading to oxygen
depletion in water bodies and fish kills.
Agricultural crop losses: Plant diseases caused by harmful microorganisms can lead to significant crop losses and
reduced agricultural productivity. Various fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes can infect plants, causing rot, wilting,
leaf spots, and stunted growth.
Disease-causing pathogens: Certain microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, can cause diseases in humans,
animals, and plants. For instance, bacteria like Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) can cause foodborne illnesses,
while viruses like influenza and COVID-19 can spread and cause severe respiratory infections
Food spoilage: Microorganisms can spoil food by degrading its quality, flavor, and nutritional value. Bacteria, molds, and
yeasts are particularly responsible for food spoilage. This can lead to economic losses and pose health risks if spoiled
food is consumed.
Biowarfare and bioterrorism: Certain microorganisms can be used as weapons, causing widespread illness and death.
Examples include anthrax, smallpox, and ricin.
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