TISSUES

INTRODUCTION
 Tissue: groups of cells with similar function/structure
 Histology: study of tissues
 Biopsy vs Autopsy?
 Tissue types
 Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
EMBRYONIC GERMS

 3 layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

 Endoderm →INNER layer, forms the lining of digestive tract and its derivative
 Mesoderm → MIDDLE layer, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood
vessels.
 Ectoderm → OUTER layer, forms the skin; a portion of the ectoderm called
neuroectoderm
 These are called germ layers because the beginning of all adult structures
can be traced back to one of them and they give rise to all the tissues of
the body
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE/EPITHELIUM

1. Protects underlying tissues

2. Absorbs nutrients
3. Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes
4. Excretes waste
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Basement membrane - specialized type of
extracellular material secreted by epithelial and
connective tissue cells.
- Acts like an adhesive tile which anchor cells
 Named according to shape, arrangement, function
 Cells are closely packed
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE

• Squamous: flat and slightly irregular (protection)

• Cuboidal: cube shaped (protection and secretion)
• Columnar: tall and rectangular (secretion and absorption)
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS

Squamous epithelial cells

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

Cuboidal epithelial cells

COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS

Columnar epithelial cells

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ARRANGEMENT

• Simple: one cell layer thick

• Stratified: several layers thick
• Pseudostratified: appears to be several layers but is not
• Transitional: several layers of easily stretched cells
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED,
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM (SUMMARY)
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

 Mucous membrane: mucus production

 Exocrine glands: simple and compound
 Endocrine: ductless; hormone secretion
 Endothelium: lines vessels
 Endocardium

 Mesothelium (serous): lines great cavities; no openings outside

TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS (SIMPLE)
TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS (COMPOUND)
EXOCRINE GLANDS BY TYPE OF SECRETION
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Cells with large amount extracellular matrix
 3 major components of the matrix
1. Protein fibers (Collagen, Reticular, Elastin)
2. Ground substance
3. Fluid
 The name of the cell identifies the cell functions by means of one of the following
suffixes: -blast, -cyte, or -clast.
 Blasts create the matrix, cytes maintain it, and clasts break it down for
remodeling.
 Subgroups: loose, dense, specialized
I. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Fills spaces between and penetrates organs
 Areolar - “loose packing” material of most organs and other
 tissues; it attaches the skin to underlying tissues
 injury repair, phagocytosis, inflammatory response
 Fibroblasts, histiocytes, mast cells
 Adipose: contains adipocytes; fat storage
 Reticular: network of reticular fibers and cells; framework
AREOLAR (LOOSE) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
RETICULAR TISSUE
II. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 relatively large number of protein fibers, which form thick
bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.
 Regular arrangement (oriented in one direction)
 Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
 Irregular arrangement (oriented irregularly)
 Muscle sheaths, joint capsules, fascia
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 III. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CARTILAGE
 is composed of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) within an
CARTILAGE

extensive and relatively rigid matrix; chondrocytes located

in lacunae
 Perichondrium – surrounds nearly all the cartilage; cartilage cells
arise from the perichondrium and secrete cartilage matrix
 Types
 Hyaline: ribs & costal cartilages, nose, trachea
 Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
 Elastic: ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis
 HYALINE CARTILAGE
CARTILAGE
 FIBROCARTILAGE
CARTILAGE
 ELASTIC CARTILAGE
CARTILAGE
 SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT’D.)

BONE
 Bone cells, or osteocytes are located within holes in the matrix,
which are called lacunae
 Compact (outer) Cancellous/Spongy (inner)
 Mineral salts: especially calcium and phosphorus → HARD
BONE

TEETH
 Dentin – related to bone in structure but is harder and denser. Light
brown
 Enamel – outer covering of the crown with white appearance
 BONE (CANCELLOUS)
BONE
 BONE (COMPACT)
BONE
 SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT’D.)

BLOOD
 fluid portion + formed elements
 Formed elements
 Erythrocytes (RBC)
BLOOD

 Leukocytes (WBC)
 Thrombocytes (Platelets)
 Hemopoietic tissue forms blood cells. In adults, hemopoietic
tissue is found in bone marrow (yellow and red)
 BLOOD
BLOOD
OTHER SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 LYMPHOID: antibody production (B lymphocytes) and disease

protection
 RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM: phagocytosis
 System of monocyte and macrophages
 Kupffer cells
 Histiocytes
 Neuroglia (Microglia)
 Alveolar macrophage
 Osteoclast
 SYNOVIAL: lines joints, forms bursae, prevents friction
CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTIONS

1. Support
 Bones, cartilage
2. Nourishment
 Blood
3. Transportation
 Blood
4. Connection
 Tendons, ligaments
CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTIONS (CONT’D.)

5. Movement
 Bones, tendons
6. Protection and insulation
 Bones, blood, fat
7. Storage
 Bone, fat
8. Attachment and separation
 Attaches skin to muscle
MUSCLE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE

 Ability to shorten and thicken → CONTRACT

 Muscle length > width = Muscle Fibers
 3 types of Muscle
1. Smooth Muscle
2. Skeletal Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
 STRIATED (SKELETAL)

 “Muscle”, “meat” - 40% of a person’s body weight

 Movement by pulling on bones
 Long thin cells
MUSCLE

 Voluntary control
 Multinucleated and striated
 Actin and myosin
 STRIATED (SKELETAL)
MUSCLE

Skeletal (striated voluntary) muscle

(Photo © Eric V. Grave/Science Source)

 CARDIAC

 Muscle of the heart

 Uninucleated and striated
 Involuntary control (ANS)
MUSCLE

 Cylindrical shape
 Connected to other cardiac muscle cells by
intercalated disks with gap junctions
 Contraction for beating of heart
 CARDIAC
MUSCLE

Cardiac muscle

(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)

 SMOOTH MUSCLE

Spindle-shaped, single nucleus

Not striated
Involuntary (ANS)
MUSCLE

Walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, arteries and veins,

ureters); skin and eyes
Ex. Peristalsis by contraction of outer and inner layer,
emptying of the bladder, etc.
 SMOOTH MUSCLE
MUSCLE
COMPARISON OF MUSCLE TYPES
NERVOUS TISSUE
 NERVOUS TISSUE (CONT’D.)
Neurons
 Conducting cells by action potential
 Very long: called nerve fibers
NERVOUS

 Parts
 Cell body: contains nucleus
 Dendrites: root-like extensions that receive stimuli
 Axons: long thin extensions that transmit impulse
 Neuroglia: supporting cells
NERVOUS TISSUE (CONT’D.)

 Nervous tissue
 Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves
 Is most highly organized tissue of the body
 Controls and coordinates body activities
 Allows perception
 Controls emotion and reasoning
 Stores memories
MOTOR NEURON

(Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)

TISSUE REPAIR
Tissue repair is the substitution of viable cells for dead ones.
Tissue repair occurs by regeneration or replacement.
 Labile cells divide throughout life and can undergo regeneration.
 Stable cells do not ordinarily divide after growth is complete but can
regenerate if necessary.
 Permanent cells cannot replicate. If killed, permanent tissue is
repaired by replacement.
TISSUE REPAIR

 Tissue repair by primary union occurs when the

edges of the wound are close together.
 Secondary union occurs when the edges are far
apart
SUMMARY

 Introduced the concept of tissues and how to classify

tissues
 Classified epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement
 Described the three major types of connective tissue
 Described the three types of muscle tissue
 Discussed nervous tissue and its functions
 END OF TOPIC

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