TISSUES LEVEL

ORGANIZATION, SKELETAL
SYSTEM AND MUSCLE.
GROUP 3:
GENI RAHIMI (17231100)
LADIES FATHIMAH(17231054)
RAHMA NELLA (17231057)
What is human tissue?
Human tissue is a
collection of cells that
build the human body.
neatly organized groups of
cells based on their
respective structures and
functions.
 Types of human tissue

Epithelial Muscle
tissue tissue

Connective Nerve
tissue tissue
 Epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue that lines or covers the

surface of the body, both the outer and
inner surfaces.

Epithelial tissue that lines the outer

surface of the body is called the
epithelium. The tissue found on the surface
in the body is called endothelium tissue.

The main function of epithelial tissue is to

protect the underlying tissue.
Characteristics of the Epithelial Tissue

1. There is no material between the constituent cells.

2. Flat-shaped epithelium, stem or cube.

3. The shape of the cell varies depending on the

function and location.

4. It's inside the whole body.

5. As a cover and gland.

6. composed of cells and extracellular molecules in

the form of a matrix that is useful for binding tissue to
the bottom.
 7. There are several types of epithelium that
show specialization, namely in the form of
tissue protrusions to expand the surface, move
foreign particles or for movement.

8. Has a surface that is not related to other

tissues, while on other surfaces it is related to
the lower membrane.
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Connective tissue
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four
basic types of animal tissue, along with
epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and
nervous tissue. It develops from the
mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in
between other tissues everywhere in the
body, including the nervous system.
Types of Connective tissue
 Characteristics of CT:
 Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.
 Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid
containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body
water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground
substance slows the spread of pathogens.
 Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous
CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives
"mechanical cushioning" to the body, among other
functions.Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose
tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen
fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under
compression in place (for example, the sole of the foot). The
matrix of blood is plasma.
 Both the ground substance and proteins (fibers) create the
matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the
mesenchyme.
 Types of fibers:
Tissue Purpose Components Location
tendon, ligament,
skin, cornea,
Bind bones and Alpha cartilage, bone,
Collagenous
other tissues to polypeptide blood vessels,
fibers
each other chains gut, and
intervertebral
disc.
Allow organs like Elastic
extracellular
Elastic fibers arteries and microfibril and
matrix
lungs to recoil elastin
Form a liver, bone
Type III
Reticular fibers scaffolding for marrow, and
collagen
other cells lymphatic organs
 Function of CT:
 Binding and supporting other tissue
 Connect between tissue
 Protect organs
 Transportation of fluids in the body
 Immune system in the body
 Wrap another tissue
 Save food reserves
 Kill bad pathogens
 Muscle tissue
muscle tissue is a group of muscle cells,
myofibrils and muscle fibers that help to move
the human body. Muscles play an active role in
the movement of the human body all movements
will be moved through the muscles that have
been connected respectively.
 Muscle tissue Structure
1. Tendon

2. Fascia

3. Sarcolemma

4. Miofibril

5. Miofilament

6. Sarcoplasm
 Types of muscle tissue
1. Smooth muscle

Characteristics:

 Work unconsciously
 Reacts slowly, but works tirelessly for a long
time
 Cells are spindle and taper at both ends
 Have a nucleus in the middle of the cell
 Fine transverse fibers are not visible
Skeletal Muscle

Characteristics:
 Work consciously
 Works fast, but can cause fatigue
 Elongated cylindrical shape
 At the end is not branched
 Has several nuclei at the edge of the cell
 Fine fibers that cross the tissue are visible
Cardiac Muscle
Characteristics:
 Work unconsciously
 Working medium, but working tirelessly for a

long time
 Cells in a cylindrical tissue are elongated
 The ends are branched
 Have one nucleus in the middle of the cell
 Fine fibers that cross the tissue are clearly visible
 Function
 Moving body organs
 Move the skeleton of the bone
 Move the heart
 Control the movement of the heart
 Keep food reserves even though not much
 Move the digestive organs
 Body balance
 Nervous tissue
is a network contained in living things as
delivering impulses (stimuli) received by the
peripheral nervous system to the central nervous
system, and vice versa.
 Structure
1. Cell Body

2. Cell nucleus (nucleus)

3. Cytoplasm

4. Dendrites

5. Neurit (Axon)

6. Schwann cells

7. Synapses
 Characteristics of Nerve Cells
The following characteristics of nerve cells
include:
 Found in humans and animals (in part)
 Send rangsan and receive stimuli
 Interdependence between structures
 Has a cell nucleus or nucleus
 All activity through the brain and spinal cord
 Types of nerve cell
The following are nerve cell types, including:
1. Sensory Neurons

2.Neuron Intermediat

3. Motor Neurons
 Function of nerve cells
The following are generally neural functions
including:

 Receive stimulation
 Give a response
 Processing stimuli
 Give a response
 DEFINITION

system consisting of
bones (skeletons) and
structures that build up
the connections (joints)
between the bones
 FUNCTION

 Provides forms to support

the body
 As a passive device
 Protect internal organs from
General
mechanical trauma
 Store and protect the bone
marrow as a hemopoietic (red
bone marrow),
 protect organs
 As a lever to support various
activities
 Provides a place to store
excess calcium, and Save fat
  Forming tone of voice
Special (paranal sinus)
 Email teeth in
mechanical digestion
 Adjust the frequency
of the hearing wave
(small ear bone)
 Facilitate the birth
process in a woman's
pelvis
 Based on the shape of the bone is
distinguished above

os tubular
• Pipe bones are found in the limbs
Flat bones
• Flat bones are flat and wide
Long bones
• bone whose length exceeds its width
Short bones
• Short and irregularly shaped round
 1 Os tubular

Examples of pipe bones are the upper arm bones,

cubits, peduncle bones, palms, and calf bones.
 2 Flat bones

flat bones in the skull bones, blades, ribs, and

facial bones
 3 Long bones

It usually consists of a tubular stem called diaphysis and

an epiphysis at its ends. In the diaphysical growth period
of the long bones are
separated from the epiphyseal
by a cartilage epiphyseal.
 4 Shorth Bones

found on the wrists, ankles, palms and soles of

the feet. Short bones are covered by thin solid
tissue.
Bone types are distinguished
Rawan Bones (Kartilago)

This cartilage can be

found on body parts,
including the tip of
joint bones, taju sword,
ringing trachea,
earlobe, between the
ribs, between the
vertebrae,
 Cartilage is divided into 3

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is
present in prone areas of Fibrous cartilage
The intercellular
joints, ribs, respiratory
substance is rich in
tract and others Known as the
elastic fibers and a little
connective network of
collagen, found in the
vulnerable people, it
earlobe, epiglottis
contains fewer cells than
the other types. The
function of fibrous tulag
is to deepen the cavity
of the joint cup.
 Osteon is hard and the
Osteon matrix contains a lot of
calcium and phosphate.
The bone matrix also
contains a lot of
adhesive. Inside are
honeycomb networks
that are very hard and
strong,
 Microscopically the bone is divided
into

Sponge
Bones compac
t bones

The sponge
bone has a
hollow matrix. Compact bone has
For example, a dense and dense
there are flat matrix, for
and short example, found in
bones the bone of a pipe
 osifikasi

the process of forming hard bones from cartilage (cartilage).

There are two types of ossification, namely membrane
ossification and endochondral ossification. Hard bones can form
either through the intramembrane ossification process,
endochondral ossification or a combination of both.
 Inter-Bone Joints (Inter-Bone Relations)

The relationship between two or more bones without

remembering the nature of the relationship can or cannot
move directly or indirectly.
1. Sinartrosis
Relationship between bones that do not have joint gaps.
2. Amfiartrosis
Joints that are connected by the cartilage
3. Diartosis : the relationship between
bones
which are not connected by tissue
so the bones can
be moved, also called joints.
 Disorders in the Human Motion System
Interference with the Frame System
Disorders of the skeletal system can occur due to physical
disturbances, physiological disorders, joint disorders, and disruption
of the spinal position.
 Physical disorders

The most common disorder in bones is physical damage to bones such

as fractures or fractures
 Simple Fraktura

Simple fracture is fracture that doesn't hurt the muscles around it.

 Fracture complex
Fractura complex is fracture which injures the muscles or organs
around it, sometimes even fractures can appear on the surface of the
skin.

Greenstick
Greenstick is a partial fracture that does not separate bones into two
parts.
 Rickets
Rakhitis is a bone disease caused by a lack of vitamin D.
Vitamin D plays a role in the process of accumulating
lime compounds in bones.

 Microcephaly
Microcephaly is a disorder of the growth of skull bones
so that the head is crisp in size.

 Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with symptoms of
decreased bone mass so that the bones are brittle.
 Spinal disorders
1. Scoliosis, curvature of the spine to the side,
resulting in the body curving towards the right or left.
2. Kyphosis, changes in the curvature of the spine as a
whole so that it becomes bent.
3. Lordosis, curvature of the spine in the lumbar
region or waist towards the front so that the head is
pulled towards the back
4. Subluxasis, a disruption of the spine in the neck
segment so that the position of the head is pulled
towards the left or right
Muscular System
 Muscular System
Muscle is a network in the human and animal bodies that acts as an active
means of movement that moves the skeletons of the human body and the
movement of organs in the body.

Function :

Produces skeletal movements,

Maintain posture and body position

Regulates the entrance and exit channels in the body system

Supports soft tissue, moves organs in the body

Maintain body temperature

Muscle Structure and Components
Tendon

Fascia

Sarcolemma 

Miofibril

Miofilamen

Sarkoplasma
Characteristics of Muscles
Kontrabilitas

Eksitabilitas

Ekstensibilitas

Elastisitas
According to how it works, muscles are divided into:
 Antagonis muscles that work in pairs to encourage
the opposite movement

Example:
 muscles that work in pairs to encourage
Sinergis movement that is not opposite or in the same
direction

Example:
Teron pronator and quadratus
Circumduction
pronator
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a muscle that forms a
dome and is located below the lungs,
precisely at the base of the chest cavity

DIAFRAGMA FUNCTION :

• as part of the breathing process

1
• helps remove vomiting, feces, urine and other activities that
2 require increased pressure in the abdominal cavity.

• prevent the flow of acid from the stomach to the esophagus and
3 esophagus.
 Intercostal muscles
Intercostal muscles are muscles that fill the void
between the ribs

Function : to help in respiration.

layers of intercostal muscles:

intercostal external muscles

internal intercostal muscles

deepest intercostal muscles.

 Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis) 
• Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis) is an
elongated slot which is located in the
lower abdominal wall in the thickness
of the abdominal muscles.
• Channel length of 4-4.5 cm channel
direction is oblique to the bottom, to
the middle of the cavity.
• Wall of the inguinal canal inguinal
ligament form a trough (bottom panel),
and the lower beams of the internal
oblique and transverse abdominal
muscles (upper panel), external oblique
muscle aponeurosis abdomen (anterior
wall) and the transverse fascia
abdomen (rear panel).
Diseases or disorders of the muscles.
Muscle Muscle
dystrophy atrophy

Hyperplasia Hypertrophy

Tendon
Tetanus
damage