MODERN PHYSICS

“Radioactivity, Nuclear Technology And

Radiation Protection”

Group 5 :
Asnita Rahim (17231066)
Rahma Nella (17231057)
Ririn Yunia (17231060)

Lecturer: Febriyanto, M.Pd

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
PADANG STATE UNIVERSITY
 01
RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the ability of unstable
nuclei to emit radiation into stable
nuclei.

Material that contains an unstable core

that emits radiation, is called a
radioactive substance.
 Histories
Wilhelm
1895 Conrad
Roentgen.
X-rays

prepared footage of
1880 Henri
Becquerel
Potassium Uranil
Sulfate

radioactive rays were

1903 Ernest
Rutherford
divided into two
types :alpha rays and beta
rays

the third type of

Paul Ulrich radioactive light,
Villard the uncharged
gamma ray.
 Types Of Radioactive Rays

Beta Rays (β Rays)

Alfa Rays (α Rays)

Gamma Rays (Rays γ)

 Alfa Rays (α Rays)

Alpha rays are rays emitted by radioactive elements.

This ray was discovered simultaneously with the discovery of the
phenomenon of radioactivity, namely the decay of the nucleus which
took place spontaneously, uncontrolled, and produced radiation.

The nature of alpha rays:

Alpha rays
• Alpha light is the core of He.
• Can blacken the film plate (which means it has ionization
two two
consist of power)
protons neutrons • Alpha ionization power is stronger than beta and gamma rays.
• Has the weakest penetrating power among the three
radioactive rays.
• Can be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
• Has a range of a few centimeters in the air and 102 mm in the
metal
 Beta Rays (β Rays)

Beta ray is a high-energy electron that comes from the nucleus.

It has less ionization power than alpha rays.

The nature of
Has a greater penetrating power than alpha rays.
beta rays:

Can be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.

 Gamma Rays (Rays γ)

Gamma rays are radiation from electromagnetic waves that emanates

from atomic nuclei with very high energy that have no mass or charge.

Gamma rays do not have maximum coverage in the air, the

farther away from the source the intensity is smaller.

Has the weakest ionization power.

The nature of
gamma rays: Has the greatest penetrating power.

Do not turn in the electric and magnetic fields.

 Radioactive Decay

Decay is the change of an

unstable atomic nucleus into
another nucleus, or the
conversion of a radioactive
element into another element.
 Radioactive Activities

The number of atoms of a radioactive material that

decays per unit of time

A = -(dN/dt) ............. (1)

Information :
N = the number of radioactive nuclei
t = the decay time.
 Radioactive Activities
Radioactive decay can be written in the equation:

- (dN/N) = λ . dt .................. (2)

A=‫ג‬.N

Information :
A = radioactive activities
N = the number of radioactive nuclei
‫ =ג‬constanta
 Radioactive Activities
equation 2 can be solved by integral equation, so that it is obtained :

- (dN/N) = λ . dt .................. (2)

Information :
N = the number of
radioactivity nuclei after
decays
No = the number of nuclei
initially
‫ =ג‬constanta
 Radioactivity Unit

The SI unit for radioactivity is

Becquerel (Bq)
1 Bq = 1 decay / second
 Example

The core has a time of 1.6 x  103  years. The number of nuclei
is 3 × 1016. What is the core activity at that time?
 Answer
N = 3 × 1016
T = (1,6 × 103 th)(3,16 × 107 s/th
T = 5,1 × 1010 s

So,
λ = 0,693/T
λ = 0,693/(5,1 x 105 s) = 0,14 × 10-10 = 1,4 × 10-11/s

A=λ.N
A = (1,4 × 10-11)(3 × 1016)
A = 4,2 × 105 peluruhan/s
A = 4,2 Bq
 02
NUCLEAR
TECHNOLOGY
 1. DEFINITION OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY NUCLEAR

A method to produce products or

services by applying science to Atomic Nucleus
produce added value for human life

So, nuclear technology is technology that involves reactions from the

atomic nucleus
2. TYPES OF ATOM / NUCLEAR REACTORS

According to its uses, nuclear reactors can be divided into three:

Isotope Production Reactor

Power Reactors

Research Reactor
3. ATOM REACTOR SCHEME AND FUNCTION OF ITS
PARTS

1. Fuel
2. The reactor terrace
3. Moderator
4. Control rod
5. Pump transfer
6. Steam generator
7. Shielding
 4. RADIOISOTOP APPLICATION

The Benefits of Radioisotopes in each field :

Medicine

Oil Mining Agriculture

Archeolog
Industry
y
 03
RADIATION
PROTECTION
 1. DEFINITION OF RADIATION PROTECTION

Radiation Is Classified Into :

Radiation protection is a branch
of science related to
environmental health
techniques, that needs to be Non-Ionizing
given to a person against the Ionizing radiation
Radiation
possibility of obtaining negative
effects from ionizing radiation.
 2. Radioactivity Radiation Hazards

Danger of External Radiation Internal Radiation Danger

3. Purpose Of Radiation Limit Value

prevent non-stochastic (deterministic) effects

to minimize radiation doses by dose limitation.

 4. Dosage Limitation System

Justification radiation sources is only permitted

radiation dose received by a person

Optimization must be tried as low as possible

must not exceed a dose limit

Limitation value
 5. Radiation Protection Techniques

1 2

External Internal

6. Radiation Measuring Tools

1 2
Individual Field monitors
Monitors
THANK YOU 