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Cell Organization
- Cell Organization -

Cell — > Tissue —> Organ —> Organ system —> Organism

An organism can be formed by one or many organ systems

- Animal Tissues -
Types of Tissues:

a. Four primary types of tissues

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

b. Embryonic origin of tissues

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Skin Structure
Ectoderm:

Skin Epidermis

Brain

Breast

Cell Organization 1
 Sweat Glands

Mesoderm:

Fibrous Tissue (Connective)

Cartilage

Bone

Muscle

Endoderm:

Fat

Gut

Liver

Lung

Pancreas

- Major types of animal tissue -

Epithelial Tissue: Covers or lines body cavity and forms glands

Connective Tissue: Binds different organs together and supports the body

Muscular Tissue: Movement

Nervous Tissue: Senses and transmits impulses

- Epithelial Tissue -

Tightly-Joined closely-packed cells

One side exposed to air or internal fluid, the other side is exposed to a basement
membrane

Covers the outside of the body and lines the internal organs and cavities

Barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss.

Provides surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules.

Cell Organization 2
 - Types of Epithelium -

Simple Epithelium: Is made up of one layer of cells

Simple Squamous- is found in the endothelium of blood vessels, alveoli, and

mesothelium that covers the body cavities. Characteristically thin and flat cells of
irregular outline that are fitted together to form a continuous sheet.

Simple Cuboidal: linings in the kidneys where reabsorption of minerals and other
important substances occur. Is box-shaped

Simple Columnar: With goblet cells that secrete mucus and striated borders is found
in the stomach and functions to protect against corrosive secretions, Cylindrical with
an appreciable height.

Stratified Epithelium: Is made of more than one layer of cells.

Stratified Squamous: can either be keratinized or non keratinized. Has protective

functions attributed to its multilayered cellular composition.

Stratified Cuboidal: is found in some glands.

Stratified Columnar: Is found in the ocular conjunctivita and salivary gland ducts in
humans.

Transitional Epithelium: Lines the urinary bladder, ureter, and the upper part of the
urethra. Can change in form depending on the degree of distention of the bladder.

Pseudostratified: Has cells with nuclei positioned in different levels.

- Glandular Epithelium -

For secretion

a. Unicellular - With goblet cells in the intestine

b. Multicellular - With ducts ( Exocrine) Sweat Glands and Oil Glands. Without ducts
(Endocrine) Thyroid and Adrenals

Cell Organization 3
 Exocrine Gland Types

Simple Types

a. Simple tubular

b. Simple branched tubular

c. Simple coiled tubular

d. Simple branched alveolar

Compound types

a. Compound tubular

b. Compound alveolar

- Connective Tissue -

Types of connective tissue:

Osseous tissue (bone tissue)

Loose connective tissue

-Areolar tissue
-Adipose tissue

-Reticular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

Cartilage

Blood

Adipose Tissue:
Location: Sides, Buttocks, Breasts, Padding around the eyeballs and kidneys

Function: Paddings and cushions shocks, insulates, stores energy reserves

Cell Organization 4
 Loose Connective Tissues:

Loose web of fibers (all 3)

Fills spaces between values. Gel like matrix

Composed of elastin (Elasticity), Collagen (Strength), Reticular Fibers

(Support/Form)

Edema: Excess interstitial fluid absorbed by LCT

Function of LCT:

Binds organs together

Holds tissue fluids

Protects, insulates and stores fat

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue:

Fibrous Connective Tissues

3 Subclasses

Regular

Irregular

Elastic

Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Fibrous Tissue)

Tendons: Attach skeletal muscle to bones

Ligaments: Attach bones to bones at joints

Dermis: Lower layer of the skin

Fasciae: Holds bundles of muscles

Osseous Tissue (Bone Connective Tissue)

Hard calcified matrix with collagen fibers.

Osteocytes are found in the lacunae (gaps)

Cell Organization 5
 Well vascularized

Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action.

Stores calcium, minerals, and fat

Bone marrow = Site of Hematopoiesis

Periosteum

All bones are wrapped with a fibrous tissue layer called periosteum.

Functions of the periosteum

Isolates bone from the surrounding tissue

Route for blood vessels and nerves

Participates in bone growth and repair

Injury to periosteum + bone pain —> Intense and difficult to treat.

Structure of Long Bones

Diaphysis

Tubular shaft that forms the long axis of bones

composed of only compact bone that surrounds the Medullary cavity..

Medullary cavity

Red bone marrow = Growth period

Yellow bone marrow = Adults (Fat)

Epiphyses

Expanded end of long bones

Exterior = Compact bone :: Interior = Spongy bone

Superficial surface covered in articular (joint) cartilage

Cell Organization 6
 Epiphyseal line separated the diaphysis from the epiphyses and represents
location of bone lengthening

Blood is a connective tissue

Fluid connective tissues

Blood and lymph are the only two types of connective tissue

transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes throughout the

body

Liquid (Plasma) Connective tissue (Blood)

Erythrocytes - Carry oxygen

Leukocytes - Function in the immune system

Plasma transports dissolved glucose, wastes, carbon dioxide, and

hormones as well as regulating water balance for the blood cells

Platelets - Function in blood clotting

- Types of Muscle -

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

- Types of Muscle Tissue -

Attached to and moves skeleton

40% of body weight

Fibers - multinucleate cells ( embryonic cells fuse)

Cells wit obvious striations

contractions are voluntary

Cell Organization 7
 - Cardiac -

Only in the walls of the heart

Cells are striated

Involuntary contractions

- Smooth -

Walls of hollow organs

Lacks striations

Involuntary contractions

- Nervous Tissue -

Neurons (Nerve cells)

Neuroglia (Non-neuronal, Glial cells)

Neurons: Structural and functional units of the nervous system, Specialized for
rapid communication. Composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axon.

- Neuroglia -

Astrocytes

Star shaped

clings to neurons

Forms a barrier between neurons and capillaries

Protects neurons from harmful substances in the blood

Picks up ions and neurotransmitters.

Cell Organization 8