CHAPTER 2

CELL STRUCTURES &

FUNCTIONS BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
 CHAPTER 2
CELL STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS
SUBTOPICS

2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane

2.2 and Organelles

2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues

2.4 Cell Transport

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
 2.3 Cells are Grouped
Into Tissues

a) Describe the types of animal cells and

tissues (C2).
b) Explain the following types of animal cells
and tissues: epithelial cells, nerve cell,
muscle cells and connective tissues (C2).
2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues
a) Describe the types of animal cells and
tissues (C2)

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
WHAT ARE TISSUES?
• A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perf
orm a specific function.

Epithelial Tissues

Nerve Tissues

MuscleTissues

Connective Tissues

Epithelial Tissues Nerve Tissues Muscle Tissues Connective Tissues

Line the outer surfaces of Composed of cells that have the Provide structure and
Conducting electrical special ability to shorten or
organs and blood vessels support throughout the
impulses. contract in order to produce
throughout the body body
movement of the body parts
2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues
b) Explain the following types of animal cells
and tissues: epithelial cells, nerve cell,
muscle cells and connective tissues (C2).

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
1. Epithelial Tissues
Characteristics
Closely packed & held tightly
together by many cell junction Avascular (without blood vessels)

Cells arranged in continuous sheets Rest on basement membrane

Has microvilli (intestine) & cilia

Has a free surface. (trachea)

• Covers a body surfaces (epidermis)

• Line inner body cavity, tubes & blood
vessels.
• Covers the thoracic & abdominal
organ
• Found in glands.
 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Based on cell shapes and number of cell layers
Squamous
Squamous

Cuboidal Stratified
Simple Epithelial
Tissues

Columnar
Columnar
Simple Squamous Epithelium

9
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

10
Simple Columnar Epithelium

11
Stratified Squamous Epithelium

12
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
2. Nerve Cells
Characteristics
Made up of Neurons and Neuroglia Distribution:
(supporting cells) Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Neuron has three parts:

dendrite, cell body and axon Neuroglia : eg. Schwann cells

Transmit impulses Supports & nourish the neurons

17
 Smooth Muscle
• Lack striations
Muscle • Spindle-shaped cells
• Single nucleus
Tissues
Skeletal/Striated Muscle
• Striated (banding)
• Cylindrical & long
• Multinucleated

Muscles are responsible for Cardiac Muscle

• Has striations
all types of body movement. • Single nucleus
• Branched & interconnected
• Joined to another muscle cell at
Composed of muscle fibers. an intercalated discs
Connective
Tissues
Functions mainly to bind and
support other tissues, having a
sparse population of cells
scattered through an extracellular
matrix.

Compact Bones
Provide support and strength

Hyaline Cartilage
Provide flexibility

Blood
• Transport of materials.
• Defend body against pathogens
Functions of Connective Tissues
• Provide support,
strength & flexibility.

• Transport of material.

• Store energy.

• Defend body against

pathogens

23

Erythrocytes
• Biconcave disc-shape.
• Lack of nuclei.
• Contains haemoglobin,
enzyme & inorganic ions.
Functions:
Transport O2 & CO2, nutrients
& waste.
Blood Tissues
Leukocytes Platelets
• Larger than erythrocytes. • Fragments of cells broken off
• Spherical in shape. from large cells in the bone m
• Nucleus & organelles. arrow.
• No nuclei.
Functions:
Responsible for antibody Functions:
production and other • Blood clotting
specific defences against • Repair gaps in the wall of blo
pathogens. od vessel
 2.3 Cells are Grouped
Into Tissues

a) Describe the types of plant cells and

tissues (C2).

b) Explain the following types of plant cells

and tissues: meristem, parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and
phloem (C2).
2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues
a) Describe the types of plant cells and
tissues (C2)

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
 • Tissue develop by means of
DIFFERENTIATION.
• Process by which a cell changes
from its immature form to mature
form.

(a)
Plant Tissues
• There are TWO main types :
a. Meristematic Tissue
b. Permanent Tissues.
• Ground Tissue System
• Vascular Tissue System

(b)
Organization of Plant Tissues
PLANT TISSUE

MERISTEMATIC PERMANENT
TISSUES TISSUES

Apical Lateral Ground Vascular Dermal

Meristem Meristem Tissue Tissue Tissue

Parenchyma
Xylem Epidermis

Collenchyma
Periderm
Phloem
Sclerenchyma
2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues
b) Explain the following types of plant cells
and tissues: meristem, parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and
phloem (C2).

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
What is Meristematic Tissues?
Undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active growth regions
of plants.

• Elongate shoots & roots

• Produce primary plant
body
Apical Meristem

Lateral Meristem
• Add thickness to woody
plants (increase girth)
• Produce secondary plant
body
 Permanent Tissues
Ground Tissues
Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. Ground tissue that is intern
al to the vascular tissues is known as PITH and external to the vascular
Parenchyma
tissue is called CORTEX.
Includes cells specialized for functions such as storage , photosynthesis,
support, and short-distance transport.

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Isodiametric cells. Polygonal and Polygonal and
Have thin primary cell elongated cells. elongated cells.
walls which are loosely a Have primary cell wall Thick lignified
rranged with many with uneven secondary cell wall
intercellular air spaces. thickening at the which are tightly packed
corner. with no intracellular air
spaces
Permanent Tissues: Vascular Tissues
Involved in transport of materials around the
plant body.
Xylem
• Transport water and dissolved
minerals from the roots to the leaves
• Consist of :
• Tracheids
• Vessels

Phloem
• Transport the products of
photosynthesis
• Consist of :
• Sieve tube cells
• Companion cells
Permanent Tissues
Vascular Tissues
Xylem

Phloem
 2.4 Cell Transport
a) Overview the various transport mechanisms
across the membrane (C1).

b) Explain the various transport mechanism

across the membrane (C2):
i. Passive transport : simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
ii. Active transport : sodium-potassium pump
and bulk transport (endocytosis and
exocytosis)
2.4 Cell Transport
a) Overview the various transport
mechanisms across the membrane (C1)

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
 Transport Mechanisms Across Membrane
Processes to move substances across the cell membrane
Simple Diffusion Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Passive
Fascilitated
Diffusion Cell Bulk Transport
Transport

Active

Osmosis Na+/K+ Pump

2.4 Cell Transport
b) Explain the various transport mechanism
across the membrane (C2) :
i. Passive transport : simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion and osmosis.

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
Passive Transport
Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low
concentration area /down concentration gradients until an equilibrium is
achieved.

Does not require

01
cellular energy (ATP) 02 Simple Diffusion
Net movement of molecules down
the concentration gradient until an

Facilitated Diffusion
03 equilibrium is achieved.

Carrier-assisted diffusion molecule a

cross a cellular membrane through 04 Osmosis
Movement of water molecules across a
specific channels
selectively permeable membrane from
an area of higher water potential to
lower water potential.
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
• Water Potential : Ψ (psi)
• Water move from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution
until solutions are isotonic.
2.4 Cell Transport
b) Explain the various transport mechanism
across the membrane (C2):
ii. Active transport : sodium-potassium
pump and bulk transport (endocytosis
and exocytosis)

BIOLOGY UNIT
PERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
 Active Transport
Movement of ions or molecules across a membrane from
a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

Sodium-Potassium Bulk Transport

Pump
Cells usually have more Na+ ions
Materials that are too large to move
outside and more K+ ions inside.
with membrane proteins and must be
transported across membranes in
Transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell &
vesicles
2 K+ ions into the cell.
Na+/K+
Pump
Bulk Transport

Exocytosis

Endocytosis