All living things are organized, and animals are no exception.

Some
animals, like sponges, are merely multicellular, and some, like
cnidarian, have no tissue layers derived from two germ layer only, but
most animals have three germ layers: ectodrm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
The germ layers arise during development, and then in vertebrates
develop into structures:

Embryonic Germ Layer Vertebrate Adult Structure

Ectoderm ( outer layer)
Mesoderm ( middle layer)
Endoderm (inner layer)
Epidermis of the skin, epithelial
lining of the mouth, nervous
system
Skeleton, muscular system, dermis
of skin, circulatory system,
reproductive system, including
most epithelial linings: other
layers of respiratory and
digestive systems.
Epithelial lining of digestive
tract and respiratory tract;
associated glands of these
system; epithelial lining of the
urinary bladder.

In this module we begin at the tissue level of organization but we

also consider the organ and organ system level of organization. AS
MENTIONED BY THE REPORTER, “A tissue is a group of similar cells
performing similar function”. Different type of tissues make up
organs, and several organs are found within the organ system. The
ANIMALS INCLUDING OTHER
organ systems make up the organism .
LIVING ORGANISMS ARE ORGANIZED.
The structure and functions of an organ system are dependent upon the
structure and functions of the organ, tissue, and cell type. For
instance, the columnar epithelial cells of the intestine, which absorb
nutrients, have microvilli a finger like projection in the jejunum
part of the small intestine which increase surface area for absorption
of nutrients. Nerve cells have long, slender projections that carry
nerve impulses to distant body parts.
There are 4 major types of TISSUE in vertebrate animals:
NERVOUS TISSUE, MUSCULAR TISSUE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND
EITHELIAL TISSUE.
NERVOUS TISSUE
 (receive, conduct and transmit electrical impulse/
stimulus).
 Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
 Made up of neurons/nerve cells

MUSCULAR (contractile)TISSUE is composed of cells called

muscle fibers.
 Responsible movements in the body, contain contractile
proteins which contract and relax to cause movements)
 Have two major types
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES (activities are under the control
of nervous system) OR SKELETAL MUSCLES ( associated
with bone) also called striated muscles attached
via tendons to the bones of the skeleton; it moves
body parts. Controlled by our will.

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE (responsible involuntary

movements in the body)can’t be control by our will.
 HAVE TWO TYPES
a. CARDIAC MUSCLES, which is found only in the
wall of the heart, and is responsible for
the heartbeat, which pumps the blood.
Cardiac muscle seems to combine features of
both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
b. SMOOTH/UNSTIATED MUSCLE OR VICERAL MUSCLE
(located in the inner walls of hollow
visceral organs like alimentary canal,
reproductive tract, walls of blood vessels,
ureter, bronchi of lungs, stomach, intestine
and iris.
 -cells of smooth muscle are spindle shaped,
unbranched, uninucleate.
- When the smooth muscle of the small
intestine contracts, it moves the food along,
and when the smooth muscles of the blood
vessels contracts, it constrict the blood
vessels, helping to raise the blood pressure.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE (Linking and supporting tissue/organs

of the body)
DIFFERENT types of connective tissue
 BONE-(strong, non-flexible tissue composed of
bone cells and hard matrix of calcium and
phosphorus)
-Our bones form framework that supports
organs and body, that anchors the muscle.

 LIGAMENTS-(Elastic tissue with little matrix)

-connect bones to another bones

 TENDONS-(Fibrous tissue with great strength

and limited flexibility)
-connect muscle to bones

 CARTILAGE- (widely spread cells, composed of

proteins and sugar)
-Smoothens bone surface at joint,
present in nose, trachea and larynx

 AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE (found between skin

and muscles, around the blood vessels and
nerves and in bone marrow.
 -Fill the space inside organs, support
internal organs and help in repair of
tissues.

 ADIPOSE TISSUE (cells of it are filled with

fat globules, found below the skin and between
internal organs)
-Stores fats, act as insulator

 BLOOD (transport gases, digested food,

hormones, and waste materials to the different
parts of the body.
BLOOD COMPOSE Of;
a. PLASMA ( fluid matrix)
b. BLOOD CORPUSCLE
 Red blood corpuscle RBC
 White corpuscle WBC
 Platelets

EPITHELIAL TISSUE (Protective tissue)

3 MAJOR TYPES
 GLANDULAR-( specialized tissue) Salivary gland
 UNILAYER
a. SQUAMOUS (Thin and flat forming
delicate linings of blood vessels,
alveoli in lungs, mouth and esophagus)
- Form diffusion boundary
b. CUBOIDAL (Cube shaped, forms the
linings of renal tubules and ducts of
salivary glands where it provide
mechanical support)
-Functions: secretion and absorption
 c.COLUMNAR
a. NON-CILLATED (Tall cells in the
inner linings of stomach and intestine, for
secretion and absorption).
b. CILLIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
(Tall cells with hair like projections,present
in inner lungs of respiratory tract and
genital tract.
-propulsion of mucus or particles