EPITHELIAL TISSUES

 It consists of cells which form membranes.

 This membrane covers the body surface and the glands.
 The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial
tissues.
 Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body.
 It also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
 The skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli
and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue.
 The cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
 They have only a small amount of cementing material between them and
almost no intercellular spaces.
 These are divided into four types:-
 SIMPLE

 The cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.
 The lining of oesophagus and the mouth are covered with
squamous epithelium.

STRATIFIED
 The cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
 Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is
called stratified squamous
 The skin, which protects the body, is made of squamous
epithelium.

COLUMNAR

 The columnar (meaning ‘pillar-like’) epithelium facilitates

movement across the epithelial barrier.
 It is present where absorption and secretion occur, as in the
inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells are present.
 In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue also has
cilia, which are hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of
epithelial cells.
 These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus
forward to clear it. This type of epithelium is thus ciliated
columnar epithelium.
 CUBOIDAL

 Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of

kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides
mechanical support.
 Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland
cells, which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface.
 Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue folds inward and a
multicellular gland is formed.
 This is glandular epithelium.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES

 It protects and supports the body.

 The cells are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular
matrix.
 The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
 The nature of matrix differs in concordance with the function of
the particular connective tissue.
 AREOLAR

 It fills the space inside the organs, and supports internal organs.
 It helps in repair of tissues.
 It is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels
and nerves and in the bone marrow.

ADIPOSE

 They are the Fat storing tissues, which are filled with fat
globules
 These tissues are found below the skin and between internal
organs.
 Due to the storage of fats, it acts as an insulator.
 COMPACT BONE

 It forms the framework which also anchors the muscles and

supports the main organs of the body.
 It is a strong and nonflexible tissue.
 Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of
calcium and phosphorus compounds.
 Two bones can be connected to each other by another type of
connective tissue called the ligament.
 This tissue is very elastic and has considerable strength.
 Ligaments contain very little matrix.
 Another type of connective tissue is tendons
 Tendons are fibrous tissue which connects bones to muscles.
 They are with great strength but limited flexibility.
 HYALINE CARTILAGE

 They are widely spaced cells.

 The solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars.
 Cartilage smoothen bone surfaces at joints.
 It is present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.

BLOOD CELLS

 Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood cells
(RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are suspended.
 The plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones.
 Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste
materials to different parts of the body.