WE NEED TO

{ SURVIVE!!!
UST Senior High School
Earth and Life Science
 HUMAN BODY YOU CAN’T HAVE ONE
SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE OTHER

BODY SYSTEMS
WORK TOGETHER

If you damage one

system, you may damage
several (e.g smoking),
which irritates the lungs
and also destroys the
cells of the immune
system
 BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

If you get excited, the nervous system works

with the circulatory system by increasing your
heart rate.
 BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

AIDS destroys the Immune

System

As a result you may get:

1. pneumonia (respiratory ),
2. yeast infection (reproductive ),
3. Candida infection affecting
esophagus (digestive)
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma
(integumentary).
RECALL: Organizational structure

How does the body

get the systems to
work together?
RECALL: Organizational structure
 Human body has more than
Specialized Cells: 200 differentiated cells

Smallest cell Largest cell

(60 µm) (1 mm)

Most cells in your body have the same function. Only when
they are grouped into tissues do they have different jobs.
Tissue: group of similar cells performing a
common function

Four Types of tissues

1. Epithelial- cover and protection 3. Muscular- movement
2. Connective- provide support 4. Nervous- control and
communication
Epithelial Tissues
a) squamous
b) columnar
c) cuboidal
Connective Tissues
Ligament - connects a bone to another bone
Tendon – connect a muscle to a bone
Fascia - connective tissues that join one muscle to
another muscle
Areolar tissues - bind the skin to the muscles
Adipose tissues - found beneath the dermis of the
skin
Cartilage (softer bone)
Bone
Blood
Nervous Tissues
NEURON – basic functional unit of the NS

a) sensory neurons (carry impulses to the brain

or spinal cord coming from the receptors)
b) motor neurons (carry impulses from the brain
or spinal cord to the muscles).
c) interneurons (integrate data from sensory
neurons and then relay commands to motor
neurons)
Muscular Tissues
Skeletal / striated muscle – voluntary; for
locomotion/posture
Smooth / non-striated muscle –
involuntary; found in walls of
organs/structures
Cardiac muscle – involuntary; only in the
heart;
ORGAN: group of tissue that work together to
perform closely related functions.
ORGAN group of organs that work together
SYSTEM to perform a single function.
 HUMAN BODY
ORGANS

ORGAN SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY RESPIRATORY gas exchange

support,
protection MUSCULAR
and mobility elimination
EXCRETORY
SKELETAL of waste

regulation
ENDOCRINE
response NERVOUS of activities

nutrition DIGESTIVE REPRODUCTIVE reproduction

transport of immunity
CIRCULATORY IMMUNE
materials to disease
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Helps protect internal
structures of the body from
damage; prevents
dehydration, stores fat
Functions:
• Covers body and prevents
water loss.
• Protects body from injury
and infection.
• Helps regulate body
temperature.
• Eliminate wastes
• Gathers information
about the environment
• Produce vitamin D
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A. SKIN- protection from
UV radiation, water
conservation in the body,
synthesis of Vit.D, sense
of touch, temperature and
pain
1. Epidermis  
• Melanin ; Keratin
2. Dermis 
3. Subcutaneous Layer CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOR
• Adipose tissue (fat) DEFENSE:
• Goosebumps – formed PERSPIRATION- secreted by
sweat/sudoriferous glands. (Salt, lysozyme,
from contraction of antimicrobial peptides)
arrector pili muscles SEBUM- secreted by sebaceous glands.
(helps keep skin pliable and less likely to
break or tear, lowers pH level of skin)
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
B. HAIR
Are dead cells with living roots
composed primarily of keratin.
The portion of the hair above the
skin is known as the shaft, while
that below the surface of the skin
is known as the root.
 

C. NAILS
are made of hard, keratin-filled
epidermal cells.
They protect the ends of the digits
from injury, help us grasp small
objects, and enable us to scratch.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Enables movement, protects
some of the body organs,
composed of muscle
tissue(contract, or shorten, to
produce movement when
stimulated)
STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE
•A muscle is made up of
hundreds/thousands of muscle fibers
•MYOFIBRILS – thread-like structures
consisting a muscle
•SARCOMERE
a) MYOSIN Filament (thick)
Muscle contractions: K+, Na+, Ca++ b) ACTIN Filament (thin)
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Your body has

three types of
Muscle tissue.

1. skeletal muscle
2. smooth muscle
3. cardiac muscle
 SK E L ETA L SY ST E M
Your skeleton has five
major functions.

• It provides shape and

support
• Enables you to move
• Protects your internal
organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores certain
materials until your
body needs them
 SK E L ETA L SY ST E M
Types of Joints:
• Fibrous (fixed / immoveable)
 e.g. skull
• Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
 e.g. intervertebral disc
• Synovial (freely moveable)
 Hinge – fingers/toes, knees
 Ball and socket – hip, shoulders
 Pivot – neck
 Gliding – wrist
 Saddle – thumb
 Planar - ankle
 SK E L ETA L SY ST E M
Bones
Tendons -connect
bones to muscles
Ligaments -connect
bone to bone
Cartilage -padding
that covers and
protects the ends of
long bones at the
joints
Joint -connect bone 2 kinds of bones
to bone 1. Compact
2. Spongy
 SK E L ETA L SY ST E M
The human skeleton may be grouped as
follows:
1. AXIAL SKELETON
Skull (in the head; protects the brain)
Hyoid (in the neck)
Sternum (in the breast)
Ribs (in the thoracic cavity)
Backbone or vertebral column (protects
the spinal cord at the back)
 
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
upper appendages (arms/fore limb)
lower appendages(legs/hind limb)
Shoulder girdle
Pelvic girdle
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The main functions of the
digestive system :

Breaks down food into molecules

the body can absorb.

Passes these molecules into the

blood to be carried throughout
the body.

Eliminates solid wastes from the

body.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Main Parts of the Digestive System
Digestion takes place in
two stages:

MECHANICAL digestion
- food undergoes
physical change by tearing,
grinding and chewing.

CHEMICAL digestion
- involves the change in
chemical composition of
food. It takes place in the
presence of special protein
molecules called enzymes.
 C I R C U L AT O R Y S Y S T E M

Closed – blood flows through closed vessels

(e.g. vertebrates, few invertebrates)
Open – blood flows through open spaces called lacunae and sinuses
(e.g. molluscs, arthropods, insects)
C A R D I O VA S C U L A R S Y S T E M

The main functions is to transport: oxygen,

nutrients, waste throughout the body.
C A R D I O VA S C U L A R S Y S T E M
The main parts of the
CIRCULATORY System
are:
• Tubes/vessels
(artery, vein,
capillary)
• Circulating fluid
(blood)
• Plasma – fluid matrix of
blood; where RBC, WBC
and platelets are
suspended
• Pumping organ
(heart)
ABO BLOOD SYSTEM
R E S P I R AT O R Y S Y S T E M

Tuberculosis

Your respiratory system moves oxygen

from the outside environment into your
body. It also removes carbon dioxide and
water from your body.
 E X C R E T O RY S Y S T E M
Collects wastes
produced by cells and
removes these wastes
from the body. The
removal process is
known as excretion.
Main organs include:
 Kidneys
 Skin
 Lungs
 Colon/Large intestine

• Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches long

• Weight is 4 – 6 ounces
• The urine output varies from 1-2 liters
Urethra – carries both
per day. urine and sperm in males
 I MM U NE SY ST EM
• It’s role is to protect
you from foreign invaders.

Special cells react to each

kind of pathogen with
defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.

• A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can
cause disease.
 What are Antibodies?
• Antibodies are special proteins that
recognize and defeat invading
pathogens.

• Antibodies are made by the B-cells.

• Once a pathogen is encountered by

the B-cells it memorizes it and next
time it encounters the pathogen it will
have antibodies ready to fight the
pathogen.
 What are Antigens?
• An antigen is any substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates
the production of an antibody immune
response.

• Antigens include:

• Toxins
• Bacteria
• Foreign blood cells
• Cells of transplanted organs.
 What is Immunity?
• Immunity is a state in which the body has
sufficient defenses to fight infection,
disease or invasion by pathogens.

• Non- Specific Immunity refers to the

defenses that are in place at all times and
are not specific to the pathogen to which
the system is responding.

• Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose

and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in
eyes.
 What is Immunity?
• Specific Immunity is a specific antibody
response to the pathogen and has been acquired
in one of several ways.

• Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus

across the placenta.

• Antibodies were transferred through breast milk

from mother to child.

• Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to

the pathogen.

• Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination

process.
 What is a Vaccination?
• Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease
germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT
contain the type of germ that makes you sick.

• Having this little bit of the germ inside your

body makes your body's immune system
build antibodies to it.

• Vaccines can be administered by a needle,

mouth and some through a nasal spray.

• Recommended Vaccines : Measles, Mumps,

Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria,
and Tetanus
T CELLS VS. B CELLS
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system
is an extensive
drainage network that
helps keep bodily fluid
levels in balance and
defends the body
against infections.

It filters out organisms

that cause disease,
produces certain white
blood cells and
generates antibodies
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Major Parts of the
Lymphatic System
It is made up of a network of
lymphatic vessels that carry lymph —
a clear, watery fluid that contains
protein molecules, salts, glucose,
urea, and other substances —
throughout the body.

It works closely with the immune

system and the circulatory system.

The Spleen stores many of the white

blood cells needed for the immune
response.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. The endocrine system is a collection of
ductless glands that secrete special
proteins called hormones.

2. The glands release the hormones into

the bloodstream and they travel to the
target cells or organs.

3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable

environment within the body or homeostasis.

4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:

Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
 Glands and Hormones
Gland Hormone Produced Effects

Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to

regulate fluid balance

Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates

other glands

Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism

Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar

Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood

pressure
Testes Testosterone Sperm & male
characteristics
44
Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female
characteristics
 Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis is maintained by the
endocrine system through the use
of various feedback mechanisms.

 A feedback mechanism is in use

when the biological reaction is
actually being controlled by the
end products of that reaction.
Major Organs and their Function
System Major Structures Functions

Integumentary Skin, nails, and hair Protects against injury,

infection, and fluid loss.
Provides structure and
support
Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Moves limbs and trunk
muscles Moves substances through
the body
Provides structure and
support
Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports the
body and organs
Interacts with skeletal
muscles
Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood, Transport nutrients and
lymph, lymph nodes and vessels wastes
Major Organs and their Function
System Major Structures Functions

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and Regulates behavior

sense organs Maintain homeostasis
Regulates other organ
system
Controls sensory and
motor functions
Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, Extracts and absorbs
pancreas, small and large nutrients from food
intestines Removes wastes
Maintains water and
chemical balances
Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth, and trachea Moves air into and out of
lungs
Controls gas exchange
between blood and lungs
Major Organs and their Function
System Major Structures Functions

Excretory Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, Removes wastes from the

and urethra blood
Regulates concentration of
body fluids
Endocrine Hypothalamus and pituitary Regulates body
gland temperature, metabolism,
development, and
reproduction
Maintain homeostasis
Regulates other organ
systems
Reproductive Testes and penis in males Produces gametes and
Ovaries and uterus in females offspring
Immune White blood cells, skin, lymph Defends against
nodes and vessels pathogens and diseases
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN SYSTEM