SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is the body's

central framework. It consists of bones and
connective tissue, including cartilage,
tendons, and ligaments. It's also called the
musculoskeletal system. It provides support
and protection for the body’s internal organs
and gives the muscle a point of attachment.
Humans have an endoskeleton,where our
bones lie underneath our skin and muscles.

AILMENTS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Osteoporosis
 Scoliosis
 Paget's disease
 Osteoarthritis
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Gout
 Bursitis

PARTS AND FUNCTION OF HOW TO TAKE CARE OF

SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skull- protects the brain. It is made up of 1. Eat Lots of Vegetables

many bones which are fused together to
form a helmentlike structure callled the
cranium.
Backbone/Spinal Column- is made up
of irregularly shaped hollow bones called
vertebrae.
Breastbone- is a long flat bone at the
middle of the chest attached to the ribs.
Collarbones- bones that protrude at the
base of the neck attached to triangular
bones called shoulder blades.
Ribs- are a set of bones that protect your
thoracic cavity and organs and aid in
breathing.
2. Eat High-Calcium Foods Throughout
the Day
3. Get Plenty of Vitamin D and Vitamin
K
4. Avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic
beverages
5. Maintain a Stable, Healthy Weight
6. Always wear seat belt when driving
and a helmet when using a motorcycle
7. Exercise regularly
8. Protect yourself from injury
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system is a system
that includes muscle cells and muscle
tissues. The human body’s muscular
system consists of specific cells called
muscle fibers. The main function of the
muscular system is the motor function.
By the contraction of muscle fibers, it
helps the body to perform daily activities.

AILMENTS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
 Multiple sclerosis.
 Muscular dystrophy.
 Myasthenia gravis.
 Myopathy.
 Myositis, including polymyositis and
dermatomyositis.
 Peripheral neuropathy.
THREE KINDS OF MUSCLES

Skeletal Muscles- muscles that are

connected to the bones and are HOW TO TAKE CARE OF
responsible for movement. The MUSCULAR SYSTEM
movement of skeletal muscles is
voluntary.
1. A High-Protein Diet
Smooth Muscles- muscles that are not
connected to the bones. They are 2. Quality Supplements
involuntary muscles because they work 3. Resistance Training
automatically. 4. An Active Lifestyle
Cardiac Muscles- are involuntary 5. Healthy Bones
muscles present only in the heart. They 6. Hormonal Balance
move rhythmically contracting and 7. Anti-Inflammatory Food
relaxing alternately to generate force to
8. Cutting Back on Alcohol
pump blood throughout the body.
 INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Intergumentary system is
your body’s outer layer. It consists
of your skin, hair, nails and glands.
These organs and structures are
your first line of defense against
bacteria and help protect you
from injury and sunlight. Your
integumentary system works with
other systems in your body to
keep it in balance.

AILMENTS OF PARTS AND FUNCTION OF

INTERGUMENTARY INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SYSTEM
 Osteoporosis Epidermis- outermost layer of the
 Scoliosis skin. Composed of layers of flat and
 Paget's disease dead cells filled with keratin.
 Osteoarthritis Dermis- layer found below the
 Rheumatoid arthritis epidermis. It contains sweat glands,
 Gout oil glands, hair follicles, and blood
 Bursitis vessels.
Subcutaneous Layer- layer of fat
HOW TO TAKE CARE OF below the dermis. It serves as an
insulator of heat. It contains larger
INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM
blood vessels and nerves.
1. Observing proper hygiene. Hair- is made up of keratin, the hair
2. Take a bath regularly. extends through the epidermis and
3. Get plenty of Vitamin D from protrudes from the skin.
sunlight. Sweat Glands- help in the excretion
4. Avoid too much exposure to the of wastes by releasing the excess
sun. water and salts produced by the
body.
5. Wear protective clothing or apply Oil Glands- secrete an oily
a sunscreen when going out. substance called sebum which
6. Eat fruits and vegetables for lubricates and waterproofs the
nutrients. surface of the skin.
7. Drink a lot of water
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is composed
of organs working together to get nutrients
from food you eat. It consists of the
gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory
organs of digestion. Digestion involves the
breakdown of food into smaller and smaller
components, until they can be absorbed
and assimilated into the body.

AILMENTS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Inguinal Hernia.
 Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction.
 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
 Lactose Intolerance.
 Microscopic Colitis.
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF  Ostomy Surgery of the Bowel.
 Pancreatitis.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Peptic Ulcers (Stomach Ulcers)
Mouth- is the beginning of the digestive
tract. In fact, digestion starts before you
even take a bite. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF
Esophagus- receives food from your DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
mouth when you swallow. 1. Eat food rich in fiber.
Stomach- is a hollow organ, or
2. Avoid eating too much spicy and
"container," that holds food while it is
being mixed with stomach enzymes. fatty foods.
Small Intestine- is a long coiled tube. 3. Eat less sweets in-between
This is where most of the digestion takes meals.
place. 4. Avoid buying uncovered ready-to-
Liver- processes the nutrients absorbed eat foods.
from the small intestine. 5. Eat slowly and chew the food
Gallbladder- is a small sac under the
well.
liver where bile is sorted.
Pancreas- is an elongated organ behind 6. Avoid swallowing big chunks of
the stomach that secretes substances food.
that help break down protein and fats in 7. Avoid eating too much at a time.
small intestine. 8. Drink plenty of fluids everyday.
Large Intestine- water from the
undigested food is absorbed.
Rectum and Anus- the rectum provides
a temporary storage before they are
excreted.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is the

network of organs and tissues that

help you breathe. This system helps

your body absorb oxygen from the

air so your organs can work. It also

cleans waste gases, such as carbon

dioxide, from your blood. Common

problems include allergies, diseases

or infections.
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AILMENTS OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nostrils-is the best entrance for outside  Chronic Obstructive
air into your respiratory system. Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
Pharynx- collects incoming air from your Asthma
nose and passes it downward to your  Emphysema
trachea (windpipe).  Lung Cancer
Tonsils- are lymph nodes in the wall of  Pneumonia
your pharynx.  Pleural Effusion
Larynx- (voice box) contains your vocal  Chronic Bronchitis
cords. When moving air is breathed in
and out, it creates voice sounds.
Epiglottis- is a flap of tissue that guards HOW TO TAKE CARE OF
the entrance to your trachea. It closes RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
when anything is swallowed that should
go into the esophagus and stomach. 1. Breathe clean and fresh air.
Trachea- (windpipe) is the passage 2. Avoid smoking.
leading from your pharynx to the lungs. 3. Stay away from people who are
Bronchi-subdivide further into infected with respiratory ailments.
bronchioles. 4. Observe proper hygiene.
Bronchioles- The smallest section of the 5. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
bronchi 6. Exercise regularly.
Alveoli-are the very small air sacs that 7. Maintain the cleanliness of your
are the destination of air that you breathe surroundings
in. 8. Cover your nose and mouth when
Lungs-take carbon dioxide from our sneezing
blood and release it into the air when we
breathe out.
 URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system works as a filter,
removing toxins and wastes from your body
through urine. It uses a series of tubes and
ducts to pass this waste. These tubes are
connected to your blood vessels and digestive
system.

AILMENTS OF URINARY SYSTEM

 Cancers of the urinary tract
 Incontinence (inability to control urine flow)
 Interstitial cystitis
 Kidney stones
 Kidney failure
 Urinary tract infections
PARTS AND FUNCTION
OF URINARY SYSTEM

Kidneys- These organs work HOW TO TAKE CARE OF

constantly. They filter your blood
URINARY SYSTEM
and make urine, which your body
1. Drink eight to ten glasses of water
eliminates.
everyday.
Ureters- These two thin tubes
2. Have a balanced diet every meal.
inside your pelvis carry urine from 3. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.
your kidneys to your bladder. 4. Take a bath everyday.
Bladder- Your bladder holds urine 5. Exercise regularly.
until you’re ready to empty it 6. Avoid holding back urination.
(pee). 7. Get enough sleep and rest.
Urethra- This tube carries urine
from your bladder out of your
body.
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart-pumps blood to the body
through a network of arteries and
veins (blood vessels).
Blood Vessels- tubes that serve as
passageways for blood to reach the
different parts of the body.
Arteries- carry blood away from the
heart.
Veins- bring blood from the different
parts of the body back to the heart.
Venules- smallest veins
Capillaries- smallest blood vessels
The circulatory system
(cardiovascular system) pumps blood
from the heart to the lungs to get
oxygen. The heart then sends
oxygenated blood through arteries to
the rest of the body. The veins carry
oxygen-poor blood back to the heart
to start the circulation process over.
Your circulatory system is critical to
healthy organs, muscles and tissues.
AILMENTS OF CICULATORY
SYSTEM
 Aneurysms
 Arrhythmias
 Blood pressure conditions
 Cardiomyopathy
 Congenital heart disease
 Heart failure
 Heart valve disease
 High cholesterol
HOW TO TAKE CARE OF
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Avoid too much and salty fatty foods.
2. Avoid smoking and drinking alcoholic
beverages.
3. Exercise regularly.
4. Avoid extreme emotions, tension, and
unnecessary worries.
5. Eat a heart-healthy diet rich in
vegetables and fiber and low in saturated
fats and processed foods.
6. Maintain a healthy weight.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Nervous System is your body’s
command center. Originating from your
brain, it controls your movements, thoughts
and automatic responses to the world
around you. It also controls other body
systems and processes, such as digestion,
breathing and sexual development
(puberty). Diseases, accidents, toxins and
the natural aging process can damage your
nervous system.

PARTS AND FUNCTION OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central nervous system (CNS)-
Your brain and spinal cord make up
your CNS. Your brain uses your
nerves to send messages to the rest
of your body.
Peripheral nervous system-This
system relays information from your
brain and spinal cord to your
organs, arms, legs, fingers and
toes. Your peripheral nervous
system contains your:
Somatic nervous system, which
guides your voluntary movements.
Autonomic nervous system,
which controls the activities you do
without thinking about them.
Brain- protected by the skull and
layers of tissues called meninges.
Cerebrum- largest structure in the
brain.
Spinal Cord- the extension of the
brain. Serves as a pathway of
messages to and from the brain.
AILMENTS OF NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Alzheimer's disease
 Bell's palsy
 Cerebral palsy
 Epilepsy
 Motor neurone disease (MND)
 Multiple sclerosis (MS)
 Neurofibromatosis
 Parkinson's disease
HOW TO TAKE CARE OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Have a balanced diet and proper
nutrition.
2. Avoid toxic substance such as
alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.
3. Exercise regularly.
4. Have enough rest and sleep.
5. Avoid accidents that may cause
injury of the head or backbone.
 Polangui South Central School
Polangui, Albay

PROJECT IN
SCIENCE
(SYSTEMS OF THE BODY)

Submitted by:
Argyll S. Romaraog
VI-Amethyst

Submitted to:
Mrs. Ammie D. Diaz
Science Teacher