Terms pertaining to a body

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF A BODY

Cells The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things; be it animal or plant. Every tissue and organ is made up of cells Parts of the cell Cell membrane : The cell membrane surrounds and protects the cell and also regulates what passes into and out of the cell. Nucleus : The controlling structure of the cell. Nucleus directs the reproduction of the cell and determines the structure and function of the cell. Chromosomes : Rod-like structures within the nucleus. All human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. The only exception is sex cells (egg and sperm) which has only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After the egg and sperm cells unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Karyotyping Analyzing chromosomes within the nucleus.

Cytoplasm : The material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains Mitochondria small, sausageshaped bodies that produce energy by burning food in the presence of oxygen. Endoplasmic reticulum A network of canals within the cell. These canals are like a cellular tunnel system in which proteins are manufactured for use in the cell.

CYTOPLASM

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Terms pertaining to a body

Catabolism : Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy. During catabolism sugar and fat are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released to do the work of the cell. Anabolism : Process of building up of complex materials (proteins) from simple materials. During anabolism, small pieces of protein are fitted together like links in a chain to make larger proteins. Metabolism : The total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes both catabolism and anabolism.

Different Types of Cells

Cells are specialized throughout the body to carry out their individual functions. Muscle Cell Long and slender cells that contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing. Epithelial Cell (lining or skin cell) Square and flat cell which provide protection. Nerve Cell Long cells having fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses. Fat Cell Cell contains large empty spaces for fat storage.

Tissues
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job. Epithelial Tissues Tissue located all over the body and forms the linings of internal organs and forms the outer surface of the skin covering the body. Muscle Tissues There are two types of muscle tissues; voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is voluntary, whereas involuntary muscle is found in the heart and digestive system, as well as in other places where movement is not under conscious control.

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Connective Tissues Tissues connecting other tissues. Examples are fat tissues, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, and blood. Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue conducts impulses all over the body.

Organs
Organs are structures composed of several kinds o tissue. For example, an organ like the stomach is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and glandular epithelial tissue. Viscera The medical term for internal organs. (Viscera is a plural form. The singular form of viscera is viscus)

Systems
Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions. For example, the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines are organs that do the work of the digestive system to digest food and absorb it into the blood stream.

System
Digestive Urinary or excretory Respiratory Reproductive

Organs
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves Heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland Muscles Bones and joints Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue.

Endocrine Nervous Circulatory Muscular Skeletal Skin and Sense organs

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Terms pertaining to a body

Body Cavities
A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs (viscera).

Cavity
Cranial Thoracic

Organs
Brain, pituitary gland Lungs, hart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aortaThe thoracic cavity is divided into two small cavities Pleural cavity: Space between the membranes that surround each lung. Mediastinum: Centrally located area outside of and between the lungs which contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes. Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female. Nerves of the spinal cord.

Abdominal Pelvic Spinal

Since the cranial and spinal cavities are located on the back portion of the body, they are known as dorsal body cavities. Likewise, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are called as ventral body cavities because of their positioning on the front portion of the body.

Diaphragm The muscular wall that separates thoracic and abdominal

cavities.

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