INTRODUCTION TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

GEMP323 LECTURE
DR. KEVIN ADUTWUM-OFOSU
ANATOMY DEPT, CHS, UG
EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

 At the end of the lecture students should be able to:

 Describe the basic organization of skeletal system
 Describe how bones and muscles are structured
 Differentiate muscle types
 State/explain functional significance of bones and muscles
 Describe the innervation of bones and muscles
 Classify joints based on the manner in which they are formed
COMPONENTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM

Bones
Bursae Muscles

Musculoskeletal
Cartilage System Joints

Ligaments Tendons
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL
SYSTEM
 Total number of bones in body - 206
 Axial skeleton
 Skull
 Cranium and mandible
 Cervical vertebrae- 7
 Thoracic cage- 12
 Lumbar vertebrae- 5
 Sacrum and coccyx
 Appendicular
 Upper limb bones
 Lower limb bones
 Girdles
 Pectoral
 Pelvic
BONE MARKINGS & FEATURES
 CAPITULUM  LINE
 CONDYLE  MALLEOLUS
 CREST  NOTCH
 EPICONDYLE  PROTUBERANCE
 FACET  SPINE
 FORAMEN  TUBERCLE
 FOSSA  TUBEROSITY
 SULCUS
BONE STRUCTURE

 Spongy bone
 Compact bone
 Structural composition
 Protein
 Minerals
 Calcium (96%), potassium, silicon, manganese
 Phosphorus , selenium, boron,
 Magnesium, iron, zinc, sulphur, chromium, etc
 Vitamin D
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

 Long bones - in the limbs. These have a

 Criteria tubular shaft and have 3 main parts.
 Gross appearance  Diaphysis – central region or shaft.
 Epiphysis – ends of the bone.
 Compact, Spongy (Cancellous)
 Metaphysis – more recently developed
 Developmental origin ends of the shaft.
 Endochondral,  These ends continue to grow until about
18 years in males and 2 years earlier in
Intramembranous
females.
 Morphology  Epiphyseal plate – a plate of hyaline
 Long, Short, Flat, irregular etc. cartilage between the growing ends of the
bone (the metaphysis and the epiphysis)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 Short bones – e.g. carpal and
tarsal bones
 Flat bones – Cranial bones,
Scapula, Pelvic bone, Sternum,
Ribs
 Irregular bones - The vertebrae.
 Sesamoid bones – E.g. patella,
pisiform
 Each bone irrespective of
shape, source of formation
and function is clothed by a
membranous material called
PERIOSTEUM
 For any reparative process to
take place, the periosteum
must be present. E.g.
healing of fractures.
VASCULATURE & INNERVATION OF BONES

 Bones are living tissues and have a rich blood

supply.
 Main source of arterial supply – the periosteum.
 Nutrient arteries which enter the bone through
nutrient canals – supply mainly the marrow.
 Metaphyseal and diaphyseal arteries derived
from blood vessels surrounding the adjacent
joint.
 Nerves found mainly in the articular extremities
of the bone. They are also distributed freely
within the periosteum and along the vessels.
JOINTS

Definition
 A region where two or more bones
or cartilages unite/articulate.
Allow a wide range of
movement of the skeleton
However, not all joints are
movable
JOINTS:
CLASSIFICATION

 Bases of classification
 No of bones involved
 Simple
 Compound
 Material binding bones
 Fibrous (sutures, syndesmosis,
gomphosis)
 Cartilaginous (primary and secondary)
 Synovial
 Plane or axis of movement
TYPES OF JOINTS:
FIBROUS
 Three varieties
 Synarthrosis: usually formed between flat bones;
bones closely apposed and often firmly inter-
locking along a wavy line; united by a small amount
of dense connective tissue; Very little or no
movement is possible E.g. Sutures of the skull.
 Syndesmosis: adjacent bones are bound together by
a ligament; there is little movement. E.g.
syndesmosis of the ankle, coracoclavcular joint,
Inferior tibiofibular joint.
 Gomphosis: between teeth and alveolar sockets of
the jaw held by connective tissue; No movement is
possible between the two bones unless in a
pathological case.
TYPES OF JOINTS:
CARTILAGINOUS

 Two varieties
 Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondroses):
bones united by a plate or bar of hyaline cartilage
E.g. between epiphysis (head) and diaphysis
(shaft), first rib and manubrium sterni; No
movement is possible
 Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis): bones
united by fibrocartilage; allows only a limited
degree of movement E.g. Between adjacent
vertebral bodies where fibrocartilage in the form
of intervertebral disc unite the bones, pubic
symphysis and symphysis menti
 Note: Mainly found in the midline of the body.
TYPES OF JOINTS:
SYNOVIAL

 Generally allow smooth movement between articulating surfaces

 Synovial joints are highly movable
 Degree of movement depends on shapes of articulating surfaces

 Articulating surfaces covered normally by thin layer of hyaline cartilage

 Joint capsule

 Ligaments strengthen capsule

 Joint cavity lined with synovial membrane

TYPES OF JOINTS:
SYNOVIAL

 Six main types exits based on

the shapes of the articulating
surfaces
 Plane
 Hinge
 Pivot
 Condyloid
 Saddle
 Ball and Socket
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Types of muscle
 Striated: skeletal and cardiac
 Smooth (blood vessels and viscera)

 Organization of muscles
 Postural (trunk muscles)
 Locomotor (appendicular muscles)
 Special skeletal muscles
 Muscles of mastication/deglutition
 Ocular
 Facial expression
 Auditory
MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL TYPES

 Functional types  Histologic types

 Striated
 Skeletal
 Skeletal
 Cardiac  Bony attachments

 Smooth  Multinucleated
 Peripherally located nuclei
 Visceral
 Cardiac (pumping function of heart)
 Respiratory system
 Intercalated discs
 Blood vessels
 Single nuclei
 Gastrointestinal system  Centrally located
 Genito-urinary system
 Smooth – visceral
MUSCLE – FUNCTIONS
 Movement- Internal
 Propulsion of fluid/substances
 Cardiovascular/lymphatics
 E.g. Gastrointestinal
 Genitourinary
 Regulatory
 E.g. Arterioles
 Bronchioles
 Sphincters
 Movement - general
 External
 Related to gravity
 Skeletal muscles
 Related to bones and joints
 Specific functions
 Propulsion of part or whole body
 Defence/protect
 Grasp/reach
 Prehension
 Communication – facial/vocal
 Postural
SKELETAL MUSCLE – NOMENCLATURE

 Shape –
 E.g. trapezius; serratus; biceps; triceps
 Position
 E.g. Pectoralis; subclavius; superficial/deep (profundus)
 Function
 E.g. Flexor; extensor; adductor; levator; supination; pronation
 Bony attachment
 E.g. Sternocleidomastoid; carpus; digits; coracobrachialis
SKELETAL MUSCLE NOMENCLATURE

 Direction of fibers
 Oblique; transverse
 Size
 E.g. pectoralis major; minor; gluteus maximus, medius; minimus
 Relation to bone
 E.g. Tibialis anterior/posterior; iliacus; femoris
 Form
 Biceps; triceps; quadriceps; tendinous; membranosus
INNERVATION OF MUSCLES
 Skeletal muscles
 Somatic nerves
 The neuromuscular junction
 Muscle spindles
 Tendon organs

 Cardiac muscles
 Autonomic
 Sympathetic
 Parasympathetic

 Smooth (non-striated) muscles

 Autonomic
SKELETAL MUSCLE INNERVATION
 Motor
 Motor neuron
 Extrafusal (main muscle fibers)
 Alpha motor neurons
 Motor end plates
 Intrafusal (muscle spindles)
 Gamma motor neurons

 Sensory
 Muscle spindles
 Annulospiral endings
 Golgi tendon organs
 Musculo-tendinous junctions
MOTOR INNERVATION

 Motor unit
 Number of muscle fibers innervated
by one motor neuron
 Large motor units
 In mucles with coarse activity
 Small motor units
 In muscles with fine activity
SENSORY INNERVATION

 Muscle spindles
 Distributed mainly in postural muscles
 More in neck muscles
 Respond to stretch
 To protect actin/myosin filaments
 Has largest diameter axons (the
annulospiral nerves)
 Tendon organs
 Respond to tension in muscles to
protect from tendon tear muscle
 CLINICAL PROBLEMS
 Muscular dystrophy
 Degeneration due to underlying genetic disorders

 Flaccid paralysis
 Lower motor neuron lesion and wasting

 Spastic paralysis
 Upper motor neuron lesion

 Tetany
 Low calcium levels

 Myasthenia gravis
 Receptors absent/deficient at synapse