Overview of Musculoskeletal

System

The musculoskeletal system provides

form, stability, and movement to the
human body
Components

 Bones
 Cartilage
 Joints
integrity, stability,
 Ligaments
and mobility of the
 Muscles musculoskeletal
 Tendons system.
 Aponeuroses
 Fascia
 Bones
 206 bones
 Rigid framework for support and weight bearing
 Protects vital organs
 Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
 Designed to permit motion of the body
 Formation of hematopoietic tissue for production
of erythrocytes, granular leukocytes, and
platelets;
 Storage of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and
sodium
Bone

Structure:
 Bone is a connective tissue:

 Matrix
 Collagen fibers for flexibility and

tensile strength
 Calcium for rigidity

 Hydroxyapatite Ca (PO ) OH
5 4 3

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Bone
 Cells:
 Osteoblast
 Form organic components of matrix
 Osteocyte
 Osteoblasts
 From monocytes
 Secrete citric and lactic acids
 Collagenases and other enzymes
 Stimulated by PTH
 Inhibited by Calcitonin
Skeleton

 Axial skeleton
 Skull
 Hyoid bone
 Vertebral column
 Ribs and sternum
 Appendicular skeleton
 Shoulder girdle and upper extremity
 Pelvic girdle and lower extremity
 Bone –
Classification

 Long bones (a)

 Short bones (b)
 Flat bones (c)
 Irregular bones (d)
 Sesamoid bones (e)
 Pneumatic bones
Types of bones  Dense or Compact
(85%)
 Osteon (Haversian
System)
 Central Haversian
canal
 Lamellae
 Lacunae with
osteocytes
 Canaliculi
 Spongy (cancellous)
bone (15%)
 trabeculae
Periosteum

 Covering
 Outer layer is dense, irregular CT with
nerves and blood vessels
 Inner layer
 Osteoblasts
 Anchored to bone by collagen fibers that
penetrate into bone

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Bone formation

 Endochondral ossification
 Inside hyaline cartilage
 Most bones
 Intramembranous ossification
 Forms directly inside membranes
 Bones of skull
Growth

 Lengthening of bones at epiphyseal

plate
 Grows from cartilage
 Forms epiphyseal line when done
growing
 Undergoing constant remodeling
 Adaptation to stress
 Healing
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 Bone healing

 Healing occurs through combination of

intramembraneous and endochondral
ossification processes
 Fracture healing occurs in four areas
 Bone marrow
 Bone cortex
 Periosteum
 External soft tissue
Cartilage  Connective tissue
 3 types
 Hyaline
 Articular cartilage

 Costal cartilage

 Laryngeal cartilage

 Elastic
 Pinna of ear

 Epiglottis

 Whitefibro
 Intervertebral disc

 Symphysis pubis
 Joints
 Joints are needed for differential growth, transmission
of tensile, shear, compressive, and torsion forces, and a
wide variety of movements
 The dominant function at any given time depends on
the location of the joint and age of the individual
 Range of motion (ROM) is the total amount of motion
that a joint
 is capable of.
 Important for prevention and rehabilitation of
musculoskeletal
conditions
 3 types of Joints- Based on the degree of movement
 Synarthrosis – immovable joint

 Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint

 Diarthrosis – freely movable joint

Diarthrosis  Synovial joints
 Joint capsule

 Fibrous CT
 Tendons and
ligaments
 Nerves, blood and
lymph vessels
 Synovial membrane
 Loose fibrous CT
 Many blood vessels
– good repair
 Joint (synovial)
Cavity
 Synovial fluid
 Plasma filtrate
 Synovial cells and
leukocytes
phagocytize debris
and microbes
 Articular cartilage
 Reduce friction
 Distribute force
 Muscles

 3 types
 skeletal
 Smooth
 cardiac
 Muscles
 Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
 Attached to the bones of the body

 Smooth (involuntary) muscle

 Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the
body
 Lines the wall of the organs.
 Cardiac muscle
 Involuntary muscle
 Musculature of the heart
 Has own blood supply and electrical system
 Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only
very short periods
 Skeletal
muscles
 Controls movements
of the skeleton
 Under conscious
control
 Constitute about 40%
of body weight
 Functions:
 Locomotion
 Facial expression
 Posture
Muscle contraction
 Contractility
 the ability to shorten and to become thicker
 Extensibility
 the ability to stretch
 Elasticity
 the ability to return to normal length after
stretching
 Irritability
 the ability to respond to stimulus, often a
nerve impulse that originates in the spinal cord
and travels to a nerve
Contraction and
relaxation
 Prime mover
 A single muscle or set of muscles that
instigate movement
 Antagonist muscle
 This muscles take over when an opposite
movement is to be made
 Synergic or synergistic muscles
 These are muscles that assist one another in
movement
Power source
 GLYCOGEN
 a special form of stored glucose the body
uses to fuel
 It is form by digested foods that furnish
CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN
 FATTY ACIDS
 These fuels are called ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
 Most of the body’s heat originates from
muscle activity.
 When muscles are very active, they draw on
the reserve glycogen stored in their cells.
 When the body is cold, it uses the ability of
muscles to produce heat rapidly by the
automatic device of general muscle action
(shivering).
 muscle cell + food and oxygen

heat and energy

by-products: lactic acid and carbon

dioxide

Removed in the lungs ; Removed in the

kidneys ; and the sweat
 Muscle Tone
 The state of slight contraction and the ability
to spring into action
 Physical exercise improves the tone of the
muscles and increases their size.
 An idle muscle loses its tone and wastes away.
 If a person does not use certain muscles or
uses them very little, the muscles become
flabby and weak (atonic) and may atrophy
(wastes away)
Isometric and Isotonic
Contractions
 ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
 do not increase the length of a muscle, but
do increase muscle tension
 ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
 shorten and thicken the muscle, causing
movement
 Mobility
 Newborns are uncoordinated in their movements.
 Maturation of CNS is needed for them to move

purposely
 Sit up; crawl; stand; takes steps with help; walks

without assistance; climbing stairs; running ;skipping

;hopping
 ADULT gait pattern develops between 3 to 5 years of
age
 As children mature, the base narrows.
 They swing their arms in coordination.
 Stride and walking speed increase, and movements
become smooth and graceful.
 Normal changes of aging cause the gait of older adults