MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Baiduri Widanarko

Prodi S1 Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja

Departemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
 Musculo =
Muscles, tendons and ligaments
 Skeletal =
Joints and Bone

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The Muscular System
 Muscles
 are the tough, elastic tissue that makes
body parts move.
 Tendons
 are the strong white cord that attaches
muscles to bones.
 Ligaments
 are fibrous tissues that holds organs of the
body in place and fastens bones together.

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The Skeletal System
 Bones
 are hard substances that form the
framework of the body
 give shape to the body
 support the body and protect its vital organs
 Joints
 is where two (or more) bones meet and
movement occurs

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Bone-Tendon-Muscle

http://professionalrehabassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/8956_17270_5.jpg

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Ligament

http://solidlifefitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/english-vocabulary-tendon-ligament.jpg

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Musculoskeletal Anatomy
Variation:
 Infants and Children
 Pregnant Women
 Older
 Adults

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Musculoskeletal Function
 Protection
 Locomotion
 Support

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 ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MECHANICS /
PHYSICS

Biomechanics Orthopedics
Physical
Therapy

Exercise Biomechanics
Occupational Sports
Therapy Medicine

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Muscle
 Tissue or organ of the animal body
characterized by the ability to contract, usually
in response to a stimulus from the nervous
system.
 The basic unit of all muscle is the myofibril
 Each muscle cell, or fiber, contains several
myofibrils, which are composed of regularly
arranged myofilaments

video

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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ch09lecturepresentation-
140913123742-phpapp01/95/dr-b-ch-09lecturepresentation-
Myofibril

 Setiap sel otot terdiri

dari myofibril
 Myofibril tersusun atas
dua jenis myofilamen
 Tebal (myosin)
 Tipis (actin)
 Selama kontraksi otot,
myofilamen tersebut
mengalami pergeseran
Myofibril

miosin aktin

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Muscle contractions

video
Muscle
Three types of muscular tissue:
 Smooth muscle
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle

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Smooth Muscle
 Visceral, or involuntary
 Composed of slender, spindle-shaped cells,
each with a single nucleus.
 Stimuli for the contractions of smooth muscles
are mediated by the autonomic nervous
system.
 Smooth muscle cells contract in rhythmic
waves to propel food through the digestive
tract and provide tension in the urinary
bladder, blood vessels, uterus, and other
internal organs.

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Smooth Muscle

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Skeletal or Striated Muscle
 Composed of long fibers surrounded by a
membranous sheath, the sarcolemma.
 The fibers are elongated, sausage-shaped cells
containing many nuclei and clearly display
longitudinal and cross striations.
 Skeletal muscle is supplied with nerves from
the central nervous system, and because it is
partly under conscious control, it is also called
voluntary muscle.
 Most skeletal muscle is attached to portions of
the skeleton by connective-tissue attachments
called tendons.
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Skeletal or Striated Muscle

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Cardiac Muscle
 Composes most of the vertebrate heart.
 The cells, which show both longitudinal and imperfect
cross striations, differ from skeletal muscle primarily in
having centrally placed nuclei and in the branching and
interconnecting of fibers.
 Cardiac muscle is not under voluntary control. It is
supplied with nerves from the autonomic nervous
system, but autonomic impulses merely speed or slow its
action and are not responsible for the continuous
rhythmic contraction characteristic of living cardiac
muscle. The mechanism of cardiac contraction is not yet
understood.

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Cardiac Muscle

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Classification of Muscle Diseases

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Roles of Muscles

• Agonist- prime mover

• Antagonist- provides a braking force
• Synergist- assists indirectly in the movement

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 Musculoskeletal System

 Agonist
 Antagonist
 Synergist

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Tendon
 Strong cord that is flexible but does not
stretch, made of large bundles of white, fibrous
protein known as collagen.
 A tendon joins a muscle with a bone or another
muscle.
 A tendon delivers the pulling force of a muscle
to a bone, which makes body motion possible.
 The tendons in the hands, wrists, and feet are
enclosed in protective membranes and
lubricated by a fluid to prevent excessive
friction

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Tendon

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Tendon

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Ligaments
 Tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue,
made of a fibrous protein known as collagen.
 One type of ligament, such as a collateral ligament
of the elbow or knee, holds together bones and
cartilage at a joint. This white, shiny ligament
provides flexibility for freedom of movement and,
at the same time, prevents the bones from moving
too far apart.
 Another type of ligament is thickened tissue that
surrounds and directly reinforces a joint, such as
the shoulder and hip. Ligaments of yellow elastic
tissue connect adjoining vertebrae in the spine.
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Ligaments
 Ligaments also support abdominal organs, such as
the liver, kidneys, spleen, bladder, uterus, and
diaphragm, and help maintain the shape of the
breasts. These ligaments are extensions of
membranes covering the organs, or sheets of
fibrous tissue.

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Ligaments

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Ligaments

http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/figures/A00297F01.jpg

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Skeletal
 Disebut juga sistem rangka
 Tersusun atas tulang-tulang
 Tubuh kita memiliki 206 tulang yg membentuk
rangka  20% dari berat badan
 Tulang dengan tulang dihubungkan oleh sendi
yang diikat oleh ligamen.
 Otot dengan tulang dihubungkan oleh tendon.
 Bagian terpenting dari sistem rangka adalah
tulang belakang.
video

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Fungsi Sistem Skeletal
1. Proteksi
2. Penunjang
3. Gerakan
4. Penyimpanan mineral
5. Hemopoesis

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Struktur Tulang
 Tulang terdiri dari sel hidup yang tersebar diantara
material tidak hidup (matriks).
 Matriks tersusun atas osteoblas (sel pembentuk
tulang)
 Osteoblas membuat dan mensekresi protein
kolagen dan garam mineral.
 Jika pembentukan tulang baru dibutuhkan,
osteoblas baru akan dibentuk.
 Jika tulang telah terbentuk, osteoblas akan berubah
menjadi osteosit (sel tulang dewasa).
 Sel tulang yang telah mati akan dirusak oleh
osteoklas (sel perusakan tulang)

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Klasifikasi Tulang – Tipe
1. Tulang Kompak / Compact Bone
 Padat
 Halus dan homogen
 Pada bagian tengah terdapat medullary cavity yg
mengandung “yellow bone marrow”
 Tersusun atas unit: osteon  Haversian System
 Pada pusat osteon mengandung saluran
(Haversian Canal) tempat pembuluh darah dan
saraf yg dikelilingi oleh lapisan konsentrik
(lamellae)

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Klasifikasi Tulang – Tipe
 Tulang kompak dan spongiosa dikelilingi oleh
membran tipis yg disebut periosteum.
 Membran ini mengandung:
 Bagian luar: percabangan PD yang masuk ke
dalam tulang
 Osteoblas

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Klasifikasi Tulang – Tipe
2. Tulang Spongiosa / Cancellous Bone
 Tersusun atas “honeycomb” network yg disebut
trabekula.
 Struktur tsb menyebabkan tulang dapat
menahan tekanan.
 Rongga diantara trabekula berisi “red bone
marrow” yg mengandung pembuluh darah yg
memberi nutrisi pada tulang.
 Contoh: tulang pelvis, rusuk, tulang belakang,
tengkorak dan pada ujung tulang lengan dan
paha.

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Gambar Struktur Tulang

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Klasifikasi Tulang – Bentuk
1. Tulang panjang
2. Tulang pendek
3. Tulang datar
4. Tulang tidak beraturan

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Anatomi Makroskopik Tulang
Panjang
 Epifisis
 Diafisis
 Rongga medula
 Tulang kompak
 Tulang spongiosa
 Endosteum
 Periosteum
 Kartilago artikularis

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Pembagian Sistem Skeleton
1. Axial
 The skull
 The sternum
 The Ribs
 The Vertebral Column
2. Appendicular
 The Upper Extremities
 The Lower Extremities
 The Shoulder Girdle
 The Pelvic Girdle
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 Musculoskeletal System
Skull Axial
Skeleton
Sternum

Vertebral
Column
Ribs

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Musculoskeletal System

Appendicular
Skeleton
Shoulder
Girdle

Upper Extremity

Pelvic
Girdle

Lower Extremity

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Spine Structure

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http://f.tqn.com/y/pilates/1/5/A/A/-/-/ADAMspine.jpg
Joints
1. Synarthrosis (suture)
 Hubungan antara dua tulang yg tidak dpt
digerakkan
 Struktur: fibrosa
2. Amphiarthrosis (symphysis)
 Hubungan antara dua tulang yg sedikit dapat
digerakkan
 Struktur: kartilago
3. Diarthrosis
 Hubungan antara dua tulang yg memungkinkan
pergerakan
 Struktur: sinovial
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Joints

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Intervertebral Disc

http://d1jeytwjaq17t7.cloudfront.net/content/dmm/4/1/31/F1.large.jpg

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Intervertebral Disc

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Intervertebral Disc

video
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Synovial Joint
• Hyaline (articular) cartilage
• Synovial fluid
• Synovial capsule
• Types of synovial joints
• Uni-axial joints (elbow)
• Bi-axial joints (ankle, wrist)
• Multi-axial joints (hip, shoulder)

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