Module 5: Skeletal System

Part 1: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

 Bones: The Basics
Bones are ORGANS
 Made up of more than one tissue

Bones
Bone Epithelial

Cartilage Muscle
Dense
Nervous connective
tissue proper
 Cartilage in the Skeleton
Three types:
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

 Resilient; resists
compression
 Cartilage in the Skeleton
 Hyaline Cartilage provides support with
flexibility and resilience
 Most abundant of the skeletal cartilages

Locations:
- Articular - Respiratory
- Costal - Nasal
 Cartilage in the Skeleton
 Elastic Cartilage have more elastic fibers
compared to Hyaline.
 Better able to stand up to repeated bending

Locations:
- External ear
- Epiglottis
 Cartilage in the Skeleton
 Fibrocartilage has great
tensile strength (lot
of thick collagen fibers)
 Located in sites that are
subject to both
pressure and stretch

- Menisci of Knee
- Intervertebral discs
 Cartilage in the Growing Skeleton
• Cartilage makes up most of the fetal skeleton
• Resilient and elastic (lots of water)
• Ideal for fast growth
• No nerves or blood vessels
 Functions of Bone
 Support
 Protection
 Anchorage
 Mineral/Growth Factor storage
 Blood cell formation
 TG (fat) storage
 Hormone production
Bones: Classification

a) Location
 Axial
 Appendicular

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Bones: Classification

b) Shape
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Compact and Spongy Bone
Compact bone:
 Dense outer layer
 Appears smooth and solid

Spongy bone:
 Internal layer
 Trabeculae form honeycomb-like structure
 Contains marrow
Compact and Spongy
Bone

Traditional structure of:

Short
Flat
Irregular

 No shaft
 No expanded ends
Structure of Long Bones
 Marrow
Red marrow:
 Blood cell production
 Located in trabecular cavities of long and flat bones.

Yellow marrow:
 Fat storage
 Can turn back into red marrow in adults in severe
anemia
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone
 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone
OSTEON (Haversian System): structural unit of
compact bone
 Long cylinder parallel to axis of bone
 Tiny weight-bearing pillars
 Group of hollow tubes (lamellae) of bone
matrix (like a tree trunk)

Osteon

Lamellae
 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone
Types of Lamellae:
1. Complete
2. Interstitial
3. Circumferential
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

Haversian (Central) canal: core of

each osteon; contain nerves/blood
vessels

Volkmann’s (Perforating) canals:

connect Haversian Canals to outer
vessels
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

Canaliculi: canals connecting adjacent lamellae

in an osteon
 Bone Growth: Bone Cells

All are same basic cell type, adapted to specific

functions
Connective tissue cells
 Bone Formation (Ossification)
Two methods:
1. Endochondral: bone replaces hyaline
cartilage
- Almost all bones in body form this way

2. Intramembranous: bone develops from a

fibrous membrane
- Clavicles, bones of skull
Endochondral Ossification
Intramembranous Ossification
Growth of Long Bones
 Bone Remodeling
• Bone mass is constantly recycled (5-7% per
week)
• Spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years
• Compact bone replaced every 10 years
• Important for Calcium use throughout body,
as well as to maintain strength of bones

Osteoblasts (with help from

Osteoclasts resorb old Osteocytes) lay down new bone
bone
 Control of Bone Growth
Two sites of control:
1. Hormonal
2. Mechanical Stress

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 Fractures
Position of Bone Completeness of Skin Penetration
Break

Non-displaced: bone Complete: bone is Closed (Simple):

ends retain normal broken through bone does not
position penetrate skin

Displaced: bone Incomplete: bone Open (Compound):

ends out of broken only part of bone penetrates
alignment the way through skin
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Fracture Repair – Displaced Bones
Closed (External) Reduction: physician manually
coaxes bone ends back into position.

Open (Internal) Reduction: bone ends are

secured surgically with pins or wires.
Fracture Healing
 Bone Disorders
Osteomalacia: soft/weak bones due to poor mineralization
Rickets: analogous disease in children
 More dangerous since bones are growing rapidly
 Epiphyseal plate cannot calcify so long bones become
enlarged

Due to Calcium or
Vitamin D deficiency

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 Bone Disorders
Osteoporosis: bone resorption > deposition
 Common in older adults (decreased sex hormones)

Treatment: Ca2+, Vit. D, Hormone Replacement Therapy

Prevention: adequate nutrition, load-bearing exercise