PLANT TISSUES

Reported by: Group 3

Tissue can be defined as organized layers or
masses of structurally similar cells and performing an
organized function in the plant. These tissue
combined with each other form the various organs
and organ systems of the plant.
Plant tissue can be classified mainly in two group:
*Meristematic tissues [embryonic]
*Permanent tissue [Non-meristematic tissue]
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
 The main function of meristem or
meristematic tissue is mitosis because it is
made up of cells with indefinite dividing
capacity. It is the growth tissue of the plant.
New cells formed are generally small and
cuboidal with large nuclei, small vacuoles,
and thin walls. Mostly located at the tips of
roots and shoots of plants
Three Kinds of Meristematic Tissue based on location:

APICAL MERISTEM
This is the region of
rapidly dividing cells in
plants. These tissues lead
to growth in length.
Division of these cells
results in primary (vertical)
growth, both at
the root and shoot.
Three Kinds of Meristematic Tissue based on location:

LATERAL MERISTEM:

They occur on the

sides of roots and
stem and take part in
increasing girth or
diameter of the plant
(secondary growth).
 Three Kinds of Meristematic Tissue based on location:

INTERCALARY MERISTEM:

Found at the vicinity

of nodes which
occurs at intervals
along stems. They
also increase the
length of stem just
like apical meristem.
PERMANENT TISSUE
 Permanent tissues are those tissues which
have lost the power of cell division.
Permanent tissues are derivatives of
meristematic tissue. These are the mature
tissue and their cells are large and have a
definite shape and size.
The Three Kinds of Permanent Tissue :

[I].SURFACE TISSUES
(Protective Tissue/Dermal Tissue)
-Serves as the outermost covering of plants.

Two Types:
 Epidermis- which is the outermost layer of cells of all
young plants. It is one-celled, thick, and may have several
layers in some.
 Periderm- functions for added protection and usually found
in mature plants. This consist of several types of dead cells
impregnated with suberin or waxy substance when mature
found in barks of trees.
[II].FUNDMENTAL TISSUES (Simple Permanent Tissue)
A simple permanent tissue is made up of similar permanent cells that
carry out the same function or similar set of functions. It designed to give
support and strength to the plant.

(a).PARENCHYMA, (c).COLLENCHYMA, (d) SCLERENCHYMA

 PARENCHYMA
– the most abundant of all the Transverse Section
cell types and found in almost
all major part of higher plants.
The cells are more or less
spherical in shape when newly
produced. They push against
each other when they mature
and thin pitable cells are
flattened at points of contact.
Longitudinal Section
COLLENCHYMA
- composed of uneven Transverse Section
thick-walled cells. They are
most often found in areas
that are growing rapidly
and need to be
strengthened or just
beneath the epidermis.

Longitudinal Section
SCLERENCHYMA
- It consists of dead cells with hard and extremely thick
secondary walls due to uniform deposition of lignin. Commonly
found in pears and chicos (also known as “stone cells”).

Transverse Section Longitudinal Section

[III]. VASCULAR TISSUE (Complex Tissue)
 These tissues with more than one type of cells works as a
unit. It involved in the transport of substances in the body of
the plant.
Two types:
Xylem -conducts water and dissolved minerals from
the roots to all the other parts of the plant.
Xylem consists of:

Tracheids- These are individual cells

tapered at each end so the tapered end
of one cell overlaps that of the adjacent
cell. they have thick, lignified walls and,
at maturity, no cytoplasm. Their walls are
perforated so that water can flow from
one tracheid to the next
Vessels (both for conduction of water
and dissolved salts)
Xylem fibres (mechanical strength); and
Xylem parenchyma (stores food and
conducts water radially)
First formed xylem is
called protoxylem and
later formed xylem is
called metaxylem.
Phloem: Phloem transports organic food inside the
body of the plant.
The main components of phloem are:
sieve elements and companion cells
 SIEVE ELEMENTS
-their end walls are perforated which allows
cytoplasmic connections between vertically-
stacked cells. The result is a sieve tube that
conducts the products of photosynthesis — sugars
and amino acids— from the place where they are
manufactured (a "source"), e.g., leaves, to the
places ("sinks") where they are consumed or
stored; such as *roots
*growing tips of stems and leaves
*flowers
*fruits, etc.

sieve tubes (conducting channels formed of

several enucleated cells; due to the presence of
sieve pits the end walls are commonly called sieve
plates)
Sieve elements have no nucleus and only a
sparse collection of other organelles. They depend
on the adjacent companion cells for many
functions.
 COMPANION CELLS
- (thin walled living cells on the sides of the sieve
tubes); move sugars, amino acids and a variety of
macromolecules into and out of the sieve elements. . In
"source" tissue, such as a leaf, the companion cells use
transmembrane proteins to take up — by active
transport— sugars and other organic molecules from
the cells manufacturing them. Water follows by osmosis.
These materials then move into adjacent sieve elements
through plasmodesmata. The pressure created by
osmosis drives the flow of materials through the sieve
tubes.
In "sink" tissue, the sugars and other organic molecules
leave the sieve elements through plasmodesmata
connecting the sieve elements to their companion cells
and then pass on to the cells of their destination. Again,
water follows by osmosis where it may The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow
sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem
*leave the plant by transpiration or And the later formed phloem has bigger
*increase the volume of the cells or sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem

*move into the xylem for recycling through the plant.

Key Takeaways: Plant Tissue Systems
 Plant cells form plant tissue systems that support and protect a plant.
There are three types of tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground.
 Dermal tissue is composed of epidermis and periderm. Epidermis is a
thin cell layer that covers and protects underlying cells. The outer
periderm, or bark, is a thick layer of nonliving cork cells.
 Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem. These tube-like
structures transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
 Ground tissue generates and stores plant nutrients. This tissue is
composed mainly of parenchyma cells and also contains collenchyma
and sclerenchyma cells.
 Plant growth occurs in areas called meristems. Primary growth occurs
at apical meristems.
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