ANIMAL

TISSUES
Portia Egken, Ed.D
CATEGORIES OF TISSUES
•Epithelium
•Connective
•Muscular
•Nervous tissue
 EPITHELIUM

• Sheet of cells that cover organisms and their organs

• Line the mouth, gut, lungs, heart, and blood vessels
• Also form glands that synthesize secretory products
for discharge into the env’t

• Ex. Glands are sebaceous and salivary glands

 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

1. Simple Squamous
•are large, flattened cells filled with cytoplasm
possessing a small round nucleus at the center.
•They are flat and have an irregularly round shape.
The term “squamous” is derived from the comparison
of the cells to the fish’s scales.
•These cells are typically found lining the surfaces
requiring a smooth flow of fluid as seen in the blood
vessels.
•They are also found lining the areas requiring a very
thin surface for molecules enabling passage such as
air sacs in the lungs.
 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES IN
TERMS OF STRUCTURES

1. Simple Epithelial – made up of only one layer

of cells
2. Stratified Epithelial – made of more than one
layer of cells
- Found in the lungs and are a part of the
circulatory system by the lining they render to
the capillaries. 
 SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Cells very thin, much wider than they are
thick.
• Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Air sacs of respiratory
• Lining of blood vessels, heart and
lymphatic tubes
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium – with
protective function (i.e mcg)
• Skin
• Vagina
• Esophagus
• Mouth
EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• Cells cube-shaped- secretion and absorption.
• Kidney tubules
• Duct and small glands
• Surface of ovary
 COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• Elongated cells, much longer than they are

wide.
• Simple Columnar Epithelium
• A single layer of cells that line the
digestive tract, gallbladder, and
excretory ducts of some glands. Has
microvilli at the surface for absorption.
 COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium
• Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes,
and some of the uterus. Propels mucus
or reproductive cells by ciliary action.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Ligaments and tendons that we

encounter in chicken legs are examples
of connective tissue
• Connect and bind parts together
• Tendons usually bind muscles to a
bone, while ligaments connect bone to
another bone
 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissue
• Adipose
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood
 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(AREOLAR)
• Gel-like ground with both elastic and non-
elastic fibers running through the ground in
many directions.
• Wraps and cushions organs
• Under the skin
 DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows.

• Tendons and ligaments
• Fibers are mostly non-elastic
 ADIPOSE (FAT)
• Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids)
• Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in
the live cell contains lipids.
• Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to
edge of cell membrane.
 CARTILAGE
• Ground of matrix is gum-like.
• Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or a form of
non-elastic called reticular(where the non-elastic
fibers of very thin)
• Hyaline Cartilage - example on the ends of
bones
• Elastic Cartilage-
Cartilage example ear cartilage
• Non-elastic Cartilage- example nose cartilage.
HYALINE CARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 BONE
• Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium carbonate).
• Has blood supply and nerves running through the
Haversian canal systems.
 VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD)

• Liquid matrix = plasma

• 90% water
• 10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones,
oxygen, glucose etc.
• Formed elements
• Erythrocytes -48billion(female) to 54 billion
(male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammals
are enucleated while rest of the vertebrates
they have nuclei
• Leukocytes -about 7.5 million / ml of blood
• Platelets -blood clotting
 BLOOD

AkiHar
 TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. Collagenous
connective tissue
• Predominantly
made up of type 1
collagen
• Type 1 collagen is
usually found in
skin, tendon, and
bone tissue.
 TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2. Reticular
connective tissue
•Formed by type 1II
collagen, a protein
found in bones and
cartilage
•Commonly found in
adipose tissue
 TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

3. Elastic connective
tissue
•Formed by type II
collagen, a
component of joint
cartilage
•Commonly found in
bronchi, trachea,
blood vessel and
hollow organs
 MUSCLE TISSUE

- Help the bone in body movement

- Tissue with cells having fibers specialized for
contraction.
Two groups:
•Voluntary muscles – those can be controlled
by the nervous system
ex. Skeletal muscle attached to the bone
– move at our will
 MUSCLE TISSUE

• Involuntary muscles – beyond the

control of the nervous system
- they will move whether we like it or
not and perform their functions
- ex. Muscle of the digestive tube and
heart
 TYPE OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

Skeletal Muscle (voluntary)

•Made up of very long, cylindrical
multinucleated cells capable of quick and
forceful contractions that are usually
voluntary
•Interactions of the thin and thick filaments
make it possible for them to slide through
each other during contraction.
 TYPE OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

Skeletal Muscle (voluntary)

 MUSCLE TISSUE

• Cardiac Muscle
- Composed of elongated branched
individual cell that is configured
parallel to each other.
- Capable of involuntary, vigorous, and
rhythmic contractions
 MUSCLE TISSUE

• Cardiac Muscle
 MUSCLE TISSUE

• Smooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary)

- Cells are long and tapered.
- Organized into sheets of muscle.
- Contraction process is slow and not subject
to voluntary control
- Ex. Smooth muscles of the digestive tube
 MUSCLE TISSUE

• Smooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary)

 AkiHar
SKELETAL MUSCLE
 AkiHar
SMOOTH MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE

AkiHar
 AkiHar
NERVOUS TISSUE

• Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize.

• Cell is a neuron
 AkiHar
FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES
 AkiHar
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)
 Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
 One side of epithelium exposed to air or
internal fluid, other side attached to a
basement membrane, a dense mat of
extracellular matrix (connective tissue)
 Covers the outside of the body and lines
the internal organs and cavities
 Barrier against mechanical injury,
invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss
 Provides surface for absorption, excretion
and transport of molecules
 AkiHar
TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Cell shape
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar

Number of cell
layers
 Simple
 Pseudostratified
 Columnar

 RELATE STRUCTURE
TO FUNCTION!
 AkiHar
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)
 Main function: binding and
support other tissues
 Large amount of extra-
cellular matrix with fewer
cells
 Connective tissue cells
secrete the extra-cellular
matrix
 Extracellular matrix
consists of network of
fibers in liquid, jelly-like
or solid matrix
AkiHar
 AkiHar
MUSCLE TISSUE • Composed of long cells called
(MOVEMENT) muscle fibers
• Contraction  movement
 AkiHar
NERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)
 Senses stimuli and
transmits signals
called nerve
impulses from one Axon
part of an animal to
another
 Consists of a cell Dendrite
body and long
extensions called Cell body
dendrites (towards
cell body) and axons
(towards another cell
or an effector)
 AkiHar
Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Cell Shape Flattened, Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages

cuboidal, branched
columnar
Cell Single  Scattered in In sheets or Isolated or
Arrangement multilayered matrix bundles networked

Location Body covering or Supports other Lining internal Concentrated in

lining organs or organs organs, make brain and spinal
cavities skeletal muscles cord + all over
the body
Surface Feature Cilia, microvilli - - -
of Cells
Matrix Type Basement Varied – protein - -
membrane fibers + liquid,
gelatinous, firm
to calcified
Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent

Unique Feature No direct blood Cartilage has no Can generate Can generate
supply, except for blood supply electrical signals, electrical signal
glands force and
movement