Tissue a group of cells with similar structure and function arranged in groups or layers

3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF TISSUES

1. Cellular Elements
2. Intercellular substance (group amorphous / fibers)
3. Tissue fluids (lymph or blood)

MAJOR GROUPS OF TISSUES (4)

1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective and Supportive Tissue
3. Muscular or Contractile Tissue
4. Nervous or Conductile Tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

o Composed of cells which form a continuous layer of sheet covering the body surface or lining cavities within the
body.
o They are compactly placed, bonded together by the intercellular cement for strength and often supported below
by a basement membrane.

Function:

o Protection skin
o Absorption lining sa intestine
o Sensation depends on the thickness like ig kiss sa lips naai sensation na ma feel
Ex: Skin, lining of the digestive tract, lining of kidney tubules, lining of windpipe and lungs.

CRITERIA OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFICATION

A. SHAPE OF CELLS
o Squamous Cell is a thin flattened cell resembling the tiles in a floor or scalelike
e.g. startum corneum of the skin, inner surface of blood vessels
o Cuboidal Cell the height of cell body which is about equal to the width. It has a cube-like appearance
e.g. kidney tubules, salivary glands, thyroid glands
o Columnar Cell the height of the cell body greatly exceeds the width resembling pillars.
B. ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS
o Simple single layer of similar cells
o Transitional cells are arranged in two or more distinct layers of varied cell shape
o Stratified cells are arranged in two or more distinct layers.
o Pseudostratified cells are arranged in two or more indistinct layers
Overlaying of nucleus
C. SHAPE AND ARRANGMENTS
o Single Squamous or Pavement Epithelium a single layer of flat cells or thin plate likes cells arranged in a
single layer.
Endothelium lining the vascular organs
Mesotelium serous membrane lining the large intestine; closed cavities such as pleura of the
lungs, pericardium of the heart, and the peritoneum of the coelum.
o Single Cuboidal Epithelium is made up of one layer of box-like cells
e.g. linings of ducts, thyroid gland, the kidney tubules such as the uriniferous tubules
o Simple Columnar Epithelium is a layer of columnar cells that adheres to one another along their
longitudinal or lateral surface; nucleus is elongated but usually basal in position.
e.g. tunica mucosa it is the innermost lining of the alimentary canal or digestive tract from the
stomach to the anal region
o Stratified Squamous Epithelium - is made up of two or more layers of flattened cells.
e.g. lining of nose and mouth cavities, lining of vagina, stratum corneum of vertebrate skin, outer
portion of the cornea of the eye.
o Stratified Columnar is made up of several layers of columnar cells
e.g. stratum germinativum of the skin, innermost layer of the epiglottis, part of the urethra, folds of the
conjunctiva.
o Stratified Cuboidal - is made up of several layers of cuboidal cells
e.g. epidermis of many tailed amphibians

D. FUNCTION
o Protective Epithelium
o Glandular Epithelium
o Sensory Epithelium
CONNECTIVE AND SUPPORTIVE TISSUES

o Most abundant and widely distributed

o Range from soft connective tissues to the specialized types like cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue
o Composed of cells and interspersed fibers suspended in a semi fluid amorphous ground substance.

3 TYPES OF FIBERS:

o White or Collagenous Fibers - occur singly or in branching bundles; they yield gelatin after boiling and are
easily digested by gastric juices.
o Elastic Fibers - are refractile and bigger than collagenous fibers; they occur singly or in sheets, they are made
up of elastin and can be stretched easily. They are capable of returning to its original length when stretching
force is released.
o Reticular Fibers - resemble white or collagenous fibers and yields reticulin on boiling.

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

A. Connective Tissue Proper binds other tissues

o Embryonic Tissue - This represents a stage in development of connective tissues. It consists of cells and a
primitive intercellular ground substance. When the ground substance is rich with mucin, it is called mucus
connective tissue
o Adult Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue - has strong flexible fibers of the collagen protein interwoven with fine,
elastic and reticular fibers providing the tissue its elastic consistency and making it an excellent
binding tissue. (e.g. binding skin to underlying muscle tissue)
Adipose Tissue - is a type of loose connective tissue that consists of large cells that store
lipid. Most often, the cell accumulates in large numbers to form what is commonly
called fat.
Fibrous Connective Tissue - has more fibers than cells. Collagen fibers are densely packed, woven
into thicker network.
Tendon - is a bundle of parallel white fibers surrounded by a sheath of the same
material with inward projection of the sheath that forms septa or partitions.
Function: connects muscles to bones
Ligament - is similar to tendons except that it possesses varying amounts of elements.
Function: connects a bone to another
Aponeurosis - is a thin sheet-like tendon or flattened tendons
Function: connects muscles to muscles