Lab Exam 1 Notes

Human Anatomy

You will have 80 answers to write in a period of 40 min. You only have 1 attempt.

Lab #1: The Cell

Cell cycle:
Somatic Cell Division

● Ordered series of events a cell undergoes as it grows, develops, and divides.

● It includes 4 stages: G1 (Gap1), S (synthesis), G2 (Gap 2) and M (mitosis).
● At specific stages of the cell cycle, the cell will grow, DNA will be replicated and division that
produce two genetically identical daughter cells (human: each daughter cell will have 23 pairs
(diploid) of chromosomes.

Mitosis:
During mitosis, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic components are separated and the cell
divides
MITOSIS (NUCLEAR DIVISION) + CYTOKINESIS (CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION)

Phases of Mitosis:
● prophase
● metaphase
● anaphase
● telophase

At the end of mitosis: Two genetically identical daughter cells (human: each daughter cell will
have
23 pairs (diploid) of chromosomes are produced.

Cell cycle:
Ordered series of events a cell undergoes as it grows, develops, and divides.
● It includes 4 stages: G1 (Gap1), S (synthesis), G2 (Gap 2) and M (mitosis).
● At specific stages of the cell cycle, the cell will grow, DNA will be replicated and division that
produce two genetically identical daughter cells (human: each daughter cell will have 23 pairs
(diploid) of chromosomes.
Somatic Cell Division Examples:

Interphase Prophase Metaphase

Anaphase Telophase

Naming:

Meiosis
 Cell division of sexually reproducing organisms which reduces the number of
chromosomes in gametes (sex cells or egg and sperm)
 MEIOSIS (Nuclear division) + cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
2 Divisions, 1 reduction, and 2 equational phases:
Interphase 1 Interphase 2
Prophase 1 Prophase 2
Metaphase 1 Metaphase
Anaphase 1 Anaphase 2
Telophase 1 Telophase 2

 At the end of meiosis: 4 cells each having 23 chromosomes (haploid) and not identical to
the mother cell are produced.
Male: 4 spermatozoa
Female: 1 ovocyte 11, 3 polar bodies.

Care and use of Microscope:

 The “Handling and use of the microscope” and the two videos posted in the lab 1 folder
on D2L explain how to clean and use the compound and the dissection microscopes.
 Always clean oculars and objectives by adding a few drops of ethanol on a Kim wipe
before and after you use the microscope
 To clean objectives: always start with the 4X objective and continue to 10X, 40X and
100X. Never start with the 100X objective as you can transfer oil to the other objective
 When storing the microscope, make sure the # on the microscope corresponds to the #
on the cupboard.
 Oculars always have to face the back of the cupboard

Evaluation:

Lab #3: Epithelial Tissues

4 principals of tissue in the human body:

1) Epithelial tissue
 2) Connective tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Nervous tissue

4 principal types of tissues in the body. (Only on Epithelial tissue, no other tissues were
presented)

Epithelial tissue
- Large sheets of cells covering all external and internal surfaces and lining outside
or organs
- Also forms glandular tissue

Common features
- Cells fit tightly together
- Have basement membrane
- Have an apical (or free) surface (adjacent to the lumen)
- Have a basal surface (rests on the basement membrane)
- Rich in nerve endings
- Lack vascular supply (exception: in stria vascularise in cochlear duct)

Layers Cell Form

Simple Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Stratified Squamous
Transitional (Urinary)
Pseudostratified Columnar
The 6 Types:
Location and Function
Basement Membrane
- Basement membranes are in thin sheet like extracellular matrix that is found
between the epithelia cells and underlying connective tissue matrix.
- The epithelia tissue rest on the basement membrane
- The basement membrane is composed of two layers: basal lamina (non-cellular)
+ reticular lamina (collagen fibers)

6 Diagrams with Placement

Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Culumnar Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium

 Transitional Epithelium Pseudostratified Epithelium

Drawings of specified slides:

What is the difference between the endocrine + exocrine glands?
The endocrine glands secrete hormones and release them directly into your bloodstream. Next,
your bloodstream then deliver’s hormones to target tissues. (Directly into the blood stream
noducts)
The exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts , which carry the substances onto the service
of the target tissues. (Directly occurs in area of action)

Name two endocrine glands?

- Pituitary glands
- Adrenal glands

Name two exocrine glands?

- Sweat glands
- Salivary glands

Lab #4: Connective and Integumentary System

4 Principal types of connective tissue:

Connective tissue proper

a) Loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
b) Dense connective tissue
Regular, irregular

Cartilage
a) Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Bone Tissue
a) Compact, Spongy

Vascular Tissue (blood):

a) Formed elements + plasma
Examples:

Connective tissue proper, loose connective tissue, (Adipose)

Tendon: Dense connective tissue (regular) Testis capsule: Dense connective tissue-irregular

Trachea: Hyaline cartilage Epiglottis: Elastic Cartilage

Intervariable Disk: Fibrous Cartilage Keratin: Thin Skin

Labelled drawing:
Lab manual answer to in class question
Lab #5: Skeletal System, articulation, and body movements

For the skeletal lab: (206 bones but around 54 different names)

 You will be asked to identify bones and an identification feature for that bone. For
example: What is the name of this bone? Femur What is the identification
feature? Greater trochanter. 
 You will not have to give an identification feature for the following bones: wrist,
ankle, cranium, and face but you will have to know a neighbouring bone (bone next
to the bone in question):

 For example:
 1. What is this bone? Frontal. Name a neighboring bone. Parietal. 
 2. What is this bone? Navicular. Name a neighboring bone. Cuboid.
 You will be asked the fontanelles found on the fetal skull.
 You will be asked to name ligaments found in the articulation of the shoulder, the
knee, and the hip
 You will be asked the various types of articulations
 You will be asked the various movements found at the end of the skeletal lab.

Bone Tissue
Bone tissue is one of the hardest materials in our bodies

Composed of following components:

Inorganic (hydroxyapatites) (mineral salts)
Organic (cells plus osteoid)

2 types of bones
1) Spongy
2) Compact

Classification of bones based on gross anatomy:

1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones

Hematopoietic tissue: tissue where new blood cells are formed from a stem cell.
1) Found in medullary cavity and spongy bone
2) Red bone marrow (rich cells which produce blood cells) and yellow marrow (store
adipocytes)
Chemical composition of bone contains inorganic and organic components
Inorganic- chemical salts, hydroxyapatites- crystals of calcium and phosphate. Hardness is due
to the inorganic calcium salt.
Organic- cells, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts. Osteoid, composed of glycoproteins and
collagen fibers which is secreted by osteoblasts, found around the cells. Flexibility is due to the
organic elements of the matrix.