Anatomy And Physiology 9th Edition

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 Instructor’s Resource Material for
8 Introduction to Tissues
ANSWER KEYS
Answers to Quick Check Questions
1. The four basic tissue types are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue covers and protects the body surfaces, lines body cavities, specializes in moving substances
into and out of the blood, and forms many glands. Connective tissue is specialized to support the body and its
parts, to connect and hold them together, to transport substances through the body, and to protect it from
foreign invaders. Muscle tissue produces movement. Nervous tissue specializes in communication between
various parts of the body and the integration of their activities.
2. A primary germ layer is an orderly arrangement of cells that develop within 2 weeks after the blastocyst has
implanted itself in the uterus.
3. ECM is the extracellular matrix. ECM is made up mostly of proteins, proteoglycans, and water.
4. Elastic fibers are flexible and not very strong, but they are also stretchy and rebound after stretching.
Collagenous fibers, on the other hand, are not stretchy, but they are very strong when pulled by movement of
surrounding tissues.
5. Epithelial and connective tissues have the greatest capacity to regenerate after an injury.
6. Damaged muscle is sometimes replaced with fibrous connective tissue instead of muscle tissue. This results
in the muscle losing some or all of its ability to function.
7. Cutaneous, serous, and mucous and connective are the four principal types of body membranes. Cutaneous,
serous, and mucous are epithelial membranes.
8. Mucus is a watery secretion that contains a mixture of mucins, which are a group of about two dozen different
proteoglycans. Mucus coats and protects the underlying cells of the mucous membrane. It also acts as a
lubricant for food as it moves along the digestive tract and serves as a sticky trap for contaminants in the
respiratory tract.
Answers to Case Study Questions (p. 152)
1. c: Muscle and nerve tissue have limited capacity to regenerate. Damaged muscle is sometimes replaced with
fibrous connective tissue instead of muscle. When this happens, the muscle loses some or all of its ability to
function. Neurons can sometimes regenerate but very slowly and only if certain neuroglia are present to “pave
the way.”
2. a: The skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane, composed of stratified squamous epithelium and
underlying connective tissue. The superficial layer of the cutaneous membrane is the epidermis. Mucous
membranes are found lining cavities open to the outside (e.g., the mouth, nose, and urinary tract). Serous
membranes line cavities that are closed (e.g., thoracic cavity).
3. b: A material called the basement membrane exists between epithelial and connective tissues. It is composed
of secretions from both the epithelial and the connective cells.
4. c: When a break in the connective tissue occurs, collagen fibers usually form a dense fibrous mass (scar). An
atypical and unusually thick scar may develop in the lower layer of the skin (keloid).
Answers to Review Questions (p. 154)
1. Tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that perform a common function. The four principal tissue types
are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.
2. The three germ layers are the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. These germ layers are a result of cells
moving and regrouping within the early embryo. The function of these layers is to differentiate to form
specific tissues (histogenesis).

Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.

Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
2 Chapter 8 | Introduction to Tissues ___________________________________________________________

3. Muscle has a limited capacity to regenerate itself, and damaged muscle is often replaced by connective tissue.
Nervous tissue also has a limited capacity to regenerate itself. Nerves outside the central nervous system can
regenerate slowly and only if certain neuroglia cells can pave the way. Normal brain and spinal cord neurons
do not grow back when injured.
4. Epithelial tissue and connective tissue are the major categories of body membranes. Some examples of
epithelial tissue membranes are cutaneous, serous, and mucous. An example of connective tissue membrane
is synovial.
5. Neoplasm (new matter) or tumor refers to any abnormal growth of cells. Neoplasm is often classified as
benign (does not spread to other tissues) or malignant (tends to spread to other regions of the body).
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions (p. 154)
1. The skeletal and muscular systems arise from the mesoderm. The earliest time in development when only
these tissue types would be affected is during or shortly after gastrulation.
2. A proper amount of fat in the body is necessary. Fat is used to protect various body organs, such as the
kidneys. It acts as an insulator to help maintain body temperature and acts as a source of stored energy for the
body. Too little fat affects the athlete’s health by compromising these functions.
3. The student should construct a flowchart or diagram on tissue healing that includes the following: All
answers should include the fact that an injury is followed by phagocytotic cells removing dead or injured cells
and an attempt at regeneration. If the tissue is epithelial or connective and if the injury is small, it will heal
completely. If the injury is deep or large, it may leave a scar. A larger scar called a keloid may form. Muscle
tissue has a limited ability to heal itself and is often replaced by connective tissue. Nervous tissue has the
most limited ability to heal itself. Neurons outside the central nervous system may heal, but cells in the
central nervous system usually do not heal.
4. The skin will probably heal faster and more completely. It is made up of epithelial tissue, which heals faster
and more completely than muscle tissue.
5. The fluid is synovial fluid. It is produced by the synovial membrane surrounding the joint; its function is to
reduce the friction between bones in movable joints.

Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.

Copyright © 2016 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Patton
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