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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

Chapter 7 Sensory Systems

1) Which of the following statements is inaccurate with respect to the sensory system of
katydids?
A) Katydids’ ears are located in the bend on their front legs.
B) Katydids have excellent hearing.
C) Katydids’ hearing is used to identify mating calls of members of their own species.
D) Katydids cannot detect any echolocation sounds made by different species, such as
bats.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 256-257

2) All sensory systems work in the same general way. They transduce an incoming stimulus
into changes in membrane
A) potential.
B) capacitance.
C) refractory period.
D) fluidity.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 257

3) Which of the following is NOT one of the steps of sensory processing?

A) transduction of the signal
B) transmission of the signal to the integrating center
C) perception of the stimulus at the integrating center
D) motor response to the signal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 257

4) What defines a cell as an afferent neuron?

A) It has the capacity to respond to environmental stimuli.
B) It is located at the periphery.
C) It has an axon that carries information to integrating centers.
D) It has receptor proteins in its membrane.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 258

5) When a sensory receptor is an afferent neuron, the membrane potential that is initiated by a
stimulus is called a
A) generator potential.
B) receptor potential.
C) synaptic potential.
D) action potential.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 258

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6) A sensory illusion called paradoxical cold happens when a point heat stimulus is applied to a
cold patch of skin, and is perceived as cold, not hot. This illusion happens due to
A) labeled-line pathways.
B) population coding.
C) both heat and cold receptors on the same sensory neuron.
D) lateral inhibition.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 260 and304

7) Select the pair below that does not match.

A) chemoreceptors - detect chemicals
B) photoreceptors - detect light
C) mechanoreceptors - detect magnetic fields
D) thermoreceptors - detect temperature
Answer: C
Page Ref: 259-260

8) For sensory receptor cells, the "threshold of detection" is the weakest stimulus that produces
A) a response.
B) a response 50 percent of the time.
C) a response 100 percent of the time.
D) a maximum response magnitude.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 261

9) In the strategy named “range fractionation,”

A) individual receptor cells are sensitive to a small portion of the possible range of
intensities, but multiple receptors cover different parts of the range.
B) individual receptor cells are sensitive to a large portion of the possible range of
intensities.
C) there is a decrease in sensory discrimination.
D) populations of receptors hinder sensory discrimination.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 262-263

10) Advantages of populations of receptors, as opposed to individual receptors, include

A) improved sensory discrimination.
B) improved stimulus intensity.
C) improved signal firing rate.
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 262-263

11) When a stimulus is continually applied but the action potential frequency declines, this is called
A) receptor attenuation.
B) receptor acclimation.
C) receptor accommodation.

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

D) receptor adaptation.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 264

12) In aquatic vertebrates, gustation always involves detecting sensations involved with
A) predators.
B) potential mates.
C) food.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Page Ref: 265

13) Odorant receptors are

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) nucleic acids.
D) lipids.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 265

14) Each olfactory neuron expresses __________ odorant receptor protein and each odorant
receptor protein can recognize __________ odorant.
A) one; one
B) more than one; one
C) one; more than one
D) more than one; more than one
Answer: C
Page Ref: 267

15) In olfactory receptor cells, signal transduction cascades often follow this order:
A) receptor binding → G-protein activation → cAMP → cell depolarization
B) cell depolarization → increased intracellular Ca2+ → adenylate cyclase activation
C) receptor binding → opening ion channels → G protein activation → cell depolatization
D) cell depolarization → adenylate cyclase → G-protein activation → conformational
change
Answer: A
Page Ref: 7.8

16) The epithelium of the vomeronasal organ is similar to the olfactory epithelium in which
way?
A) Both express the same chemoreceptors.
B) physical location
C) Both activate the same signal transduction pathway.
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 267

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17) Bitter and sour tastes are generally associated with

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) ions.
D) toxic substances.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 268

18) In arthropods, the primary olfactory organs are generally located on the
A) mandible.
B) tympanum.
C) ommatidia.
D) antennae.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 268

19) Among vertebrates, taste buds share certain common features. Which of the following is
FALSE?
A) They are onion shaped.
B) They have a pore that opens out to the surface of the body.
C) They have numerous microvilli on the apical surface.
D) They are single neurons.
Answer: D
Page Ref: Fig 7.12

20) Which of the following statements about taste is FALSE?

A) K+ conveys salty.
B) H+ conveys sour.
C) Sugars convey sweet.
D) Amino acids convey umami.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 270

21) In the salamander, the sour taste receptor cells function by having an apically localized K+
channel that is blocked by protons. When protons are applied, what happens to the
membrane potential and why?
A) Receptor depolarization because K+ permeability, which normally maintains a
hyperpolarized resting state, is reduced.
B) Receptor hyperpolarization because H+ ions move into the cell and render it more
positively charged.
C) Receptor hyperpolarization because the H+ ions outside the cell make the inside of the
cell more negatively charged.
D) Nothing will happen until the G protein is activated.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 270

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22) Which of the following lists is in the correct order? Sweet tastes are processed in the
following way:
A) receptor binding, gustducin activated, adenylate cyclase activated, K+ channels close.
B) receptor binding, Na+ channels open, cell depolarizes.
C) gustducin activated, Ca2+ channels close, cell hyperpolarizes.
D) transducin activated, PLC activated, Ca2+ levels rise, neurotransmitter released.
Answer: A
Page Ref: Fig. 7.13c, 271

23) Which taste receptor does NOT use a G-protein-coupled receptor for activation?
A) bitter
B) sweet
C) salty
D) umami
Answer: C
Page Ref: Fig 7.13, 271

24) Mechanoreceptors translate mechanical signals into electrical signals when pressure on the
cell
A) activates a G protein signal transduction cascade.
B) disrupts stability of the lipid bilayer, causing ions to flow.
C) induces a conformational change in ion channels, allowing ions to flow.
D) induces a change in cell volume that disrupts ion balance.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 274

25) Merkel's disks are used by the visually impaired for reading Braille. One quality of the
receptor that allows this is
A) a phasic firing.
B) small receptive field.
C) a special sensitivity to deep pressure on the skin.
D) a large dendritic tree.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 274

26) Without a proprioceptive sense, you would NOT be able to

A) clap your hands behind your back.
B) feel grains of sand on your fingertips.
C) autonomically control blood pressure.
D) sense changes in temperature.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 274

27) You are riding your bicycle over a very bumpy road, reading a street sign far ahead of you.
Which sensory inputs are NOT required to accomplish this task?
A) proprioceptors

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B) visual inputs
C) inner ear
D) All of the above are required.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 274

28) A thin piece of dome-shaped cuticle was found near one of the joints in a cricket leg. When it
was removed, the animal could no longer make coordinated movements, but it could still
respond to the rapid approach of a predator. This structure is most likely a
A) trichoid sensilla.
B) campaniform sensilla.
C) joint capsule receptor.
D) muscle spindle.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 275

29) Ruffini corpuscles are associated with __________ and detect __________.
A) the skin surface; light touch and pressure
B) hair follicles; changes in movement on the skin surface
C) connective tissue of skin; skin stretch
D) deep subcutaneous tissue, muscle, joints; deep pressure and touch
Answer: C
Page Ref: 275

30) Mechanoreceptors are important for

A) touch.
B) proprioception.
C) hearing.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 273

31) In regards to hair cells involved in vertebrate hearing organs, we know that
A) stereocilia are connected to each other by small fibers.
B) mechanosensitive ion channels at the tips of stereocilia are all closed at rest.
C) the 9 + 2 arrangement of stereocilia allow for free bending to improve sound resolution.
D) their bending always causes an increase in firing in the primary afferent.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 278

32) Which of the following structures from the vertebrate inner ear is NOT part of the vestibular
apparatus?
A) ampulla
B) utricule
C) saccule
D) cochlea

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Answer: D
Page Ref: 281

33) The hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are contained in the
A) vestibular duct.
B) tympanic membrane.
C) round window.
D) organ of Corti.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 286

34) The small bones in the mammalian middle ear are called:
A) malleus, incus, stapes.
B) stapes, ossicle, tectorus.
C) malleus, otolith, statocyst.
D) utricle, saccule, ampulla.
Answer: A
Page Ref: Fig. 7.28

35) If the orientation of your ears were changed so that your right ear still faced forward but
your left ear faced backward, how would your ability to locate the direction of an auditory
stimulus change?
A) improved ability to distinguish left from right
B) improved ability to distinguish above from below
C) improved ability to distinguish front from back
D) There would be no improved ability at all.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 287

36) Which of the following choices is FALSE? Mammalian rods and cones differ in that rods
A) have fewer types of photopigment than cones.
B) have a slower response time than cones.
C) function better than cones in bright light.
D) integrate signals over a longer period than cones.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 289

37) Which of the following choices is FALSE? The chromophore

A) absorbs energy from photons.
B) is a derivative of vitamin D.
C) is covalently linked to a member of the opsin gene family.
D) plays a role in photoreceptor sensitivity to different colors.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 290

38) Which of the following choices is FALSE regarding rhabdomeric photoreception?

A) The absorption of light leads to cell hyperpolarization.

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B) The opsins signal through a Gq protein.

C) A phospholipase C signal transduction cascade is activated.
D) Diacylglycerol affects the activity of a nonselective cation channel.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 291

39) Improving the resolving power of the compound eye would require
A) increasing the number of ommatidia.
B) increasing the size of each ommatidium.
C) decreasing the size of the pinhole opening on each ommatidia.
D) decreasing the thickness of the cornea.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 293

40) Which eye structure constricts or dilates to control the amount of light that enters the eye?
A) iris
B) pupil
C) retina
D) lens
Answer: A
Page Ref: 294

41) The focal point is the

A) point between the center of the lens and the retina.
B) point where light waves converge after passing through the lens.
C) small region in the center of the retina responsible for high-acuity vision.
D) narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains visible light.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 295

42) To generate an optimal visual image, the focal point must fall on the
A) lens.
B) fovea.
C) retina.
D) cornea.
Answer: C
Page Ref: Fig. 7.38

43) Why is vision sharpest in the fovea?

A) It has more rods.
B) It has more cones.
C) There is less interference with overlying cells.
D) It contains the focal point.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 296

44) What is the main difference between "on" and "off" region receptive fields?
A) signal processing at the photoreceptor

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B) the type of neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptor

C) the nature of the response of the bipolar cell to glutamate
D) the presence of horizontal cells
Answer: C
Page Ref: 298

45) In animals with binocular vision, it is true that

A) neurons from the retina of the right eye project to the left lateral geniculate nucleus.
B) neurons responding to the right visual fields project to the left lateral geniculate
nucleus.
C) neurons of the nasal retina project to the left lateral geniculate nucleus.
D) neurons of the temporal retina project to the left lateral geniculate nucleus.
Answer: B
Page Ref: Fig. 7.43

46) Some species of fish are able to produce electrical discharges. These fish
A) produce discharges continuously from their electric organ.
B) produce only weak discharges of approximately 1 volt.
C) have a specialized electric organ of highly derived nerve and muscle cells known as
electrocytes.
D) are known as strongly electric fish.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 306, Box 7.3

47) In response to a stimulus, a signal transduction pathway is initiated, which ultimately leads
to the opening or closing of __________.
Answer: ion channels
Page Ref: 257

48) Sensory cells that respond to more than one class of stimulus are called __________
receptors.
Answer: polymodal
Page Ref: 260

49) __________ are a kind of receptor that respond to extremely strong stimuli, including those
that may cause tissue damage.
Answer: Nociceptors
Page Ref: 260

50) Stimulus intensity is normally coded by action potential_____________.

Answer: frequency
Page Ref: 261

51) To help discriminate the location of a touch stimulus, neurons at the center of the receptive
field can inhibit those at the edge, a process known as __________.

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Answer: lateral inhibition

Page Ref: 261

52) The top of a sensory cell's dynamic range can be limited by the firing frequency of the
primary afferent neuron. The maximum frequency is set by the __________ period.
Answer: refractory
Page Ref: 263

53) The __________ law describes the logarithmic relationship between stimulus magnitude and
perceived stimulus intensity.
Answer: Weber-Fechner
Page Ref: 263-264

54) In the vertebrate olfactory system, the olfactory receptor cells have one end in the olfactory
epithelium, and the other end makes synapses with neurons in the __________ of the brain.
Answer: olfactory bulb
Page Ref: 265

55) Terrestrial vertebrates detect pheromones using an organ called the __________ organ.
Answer: vomeronasal
Page Ref: 267

56) In humans, tastes can be grouped into one of five classes, which are __________. (list all five)
Answer: salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami
Page Ref: 268

57) In terrestrial vertebrates, taste receptor cells are clustered into groups known as __________.
Answer: taste buds
Page Ref: 268

58) In vertebrates, olfactory receptor cells are bipolar sensory neurons, but taste receptor cells
are __________.
Answer: epithelial cells
Page Ref: 272

59) There are two main types of mechanoreceptor proteins: epithelial sodium channels and
__________.
Answer: transient receptor potential channels
Page Ref: 273

60) Touch and pressure receptors can be broadly grouped into three categories: tactile receptors,
proprioceptors, and __________.
Answer: baroreceptors
Page Ref: 274

61) ____________ are found in vertebrates and invertebrates, and are responsible for
monitoring the position of the body.

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Answer: proprioceptors
Page Ref: 274

62) A tympanal organ functions as an insect __________.

Answer: ear
Page Ref: 277

63) Invertebrates have organs called __________ that detect the orientation of their bodies with
respect to gravity.
Answer: statocysts
Page Ref: 276

64) Fish, larval amphibians, and adult aquatic amphibians have cup-shaped organs called
__________ that consist of mechanosensory hair cells to detect water movements such as
those caused by potential predators.
Answer: neuromasts
Page Ref: 280

65) In carp, the inner ear is connected to the swim bladder by a series of bones called
__________.
Answer: Weberian ossicles
Page Ref: 282

66) The organ of the inner ear of mammals that contains the hair cells is called the __________.
Answer: organ of Corti
Page Ref: 286

67) The compound called __________ can stimulate cold-sensitive neurons.

Answer: menthol
Page Ref: 304

68) The compound called __________ can stimulate warm-sensitive neurons.

Answer: capsaicin
Page Ref: 304
69) In the mammalian inner ear, inner hair cells detect sounds, while outer hair cells __________.
Answer: amplify sounds
Page Ref: 286

70) Compound eyes are composed of many __________.

Answer: ommatidia
Page Ref: 293-294

71) Researchers are trying to determine the cause of circadian rhythm disruption in
modern societies. They measured the hormone ________________ , which is associated
with sleep-wake cycles in humans. Levels of this hormone are high at night and lower
during the day.
Answer: melatonin
Page Ref: 303 (Box 7.2)

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72) List the four necessary steps that are required for sensory reception. Different receptors
are used to detect different stimuli: Briefly describe three examples of stimulus
modality.
Answer: The four steps for sensory reception are 1) reception of the signal, 2)
transduction of the signal, 3) transmission of the signal to integrating center,
and 4) perception of the stimulus at the integrating signal.
There are numerous examples of stimulus modality. Chemoreceptors detect
chemical signals; therefore, they enable us to smell and taste.
Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by pressure and movement, so senses of
smell, touch, and balance fall under this category. Photoreceptors sense light,
thus our vision depends on photoreception.
Page Ref: 257, 259-260

73) Discuss how pheromones are used by (nonhuman) animals to communicate with
members of their own species or with other species. Provide at least three examples to
support your answer.
Answer: Pheromones are chemicals that animals release to communicate with members
of their own species. Many pheromones are considered to be sex pheromones
because they elicit a response in the opposite sex, often being used to attract
mates. For example, farmers have found that if they spray honeybee
pheromones on crops, the presence of the pheromones enhances pollination of
their crops. Biocontrol agents also include pheromones. Fruit farmers hang
dispensers of pheromones from the apple codling moth, which is a pest of
apples. Female moths release the pheromone to attract mates, but as the
pheromone becomes widespread as a result of the dispensers, males have a
hard time locating the females and mating success is decreased. Interspecies
communication using pheromones has also been observed in nature. Some
orchid species release chemicals that mimic insect pheromones; the pheromones
attract insect pollinators to the orchids and enhances the flowers' reproductive
success.
Page Ref: 269 (Applications 7.1)

74) Both the olfactory system and the gustatory system in vertebrates work by processing
chemoreceptive signals. However, there are several differences between them.
Describe/explain three differences.

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Answer: 1. Olfactory receptor proteins are always coupled to G proteins, while gustatory
receptor proteins have a variety of signal transduction mechanisms.
2. Olfactory neurons express only a single olfactory protein per cell, unlike gustatory
receptor cells, which express more than one kind of receptor protein.
3. Olfactory receptor cells are bipolar sensory neurons, while gustatory receptor cells
are epithelial cells that release neurotransmitter onto a primary afferent neuron.

Because a single taste neuron can synapse with more than one taste receptor cell, this
suggests that coding of taste information is complex. It is unlikely that the coding of
taste information works in a fashion by which a single taste is coded by a single
neuron. This is different than processing in the olfactory system, where each neuron
expresses only a single receptor protein, and therefore it is more likely that each
neuron codes for a single olfactory sensation. The coding for tastants is probably very
different than the coding for odorants.
Page Ref: 272

75) Briefly describe lateral inhibition. Why is it useful? Draw a figure if necessary.
Answer: Lateral inhibition is a process by which sensory activity at one location inhibits the
activity of adjacent neurons. In other words, neurons that are stimulated will "turn
off" neighboring neurons. The purpose of lateral inhibition is to enhance sensory
contrast and improve edge detection. For example, imagine a pinprick on the surface
of the skin. The source of the stimulus (i.e., the point of the pin) is very small, but its
pressure on the skin will cause the skin around the pin tip to bend a little as well,
which stimulates neighboring receptive fields. Without the process of lateral
inhibition, the perception would be that a much larger object was touching the skin,
and this would be inaccurate. Instead, lateral inhibition "turns off" neighboring cells
(i.e., sensory cells around the pin), and more accurately codes for stimulus size by
clearly coding for the stimulus edge.
Page Ref: 262 and 298, 299, Figures 7.4 and 7.41, 7.42

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76) How does the mammalian eye focus an image? In your description, name the important
physical structures in image formation, define the focal point, and explain what
accommodation is and why it is important.
Answer: To create a clear image, light entering the eye must converge on a single point called
the focal point, and this focal point must fall on the retina. However, light rays
entering the eye are not always entering from the same direction. That is, light rays
entering from a distant object are parallel when they strike the eye, but light rays
entering from a nearby object are not parallel but are instead divergent. These light
rays are bent once they hit the cornea and lens, and the light rays will converge.
However, based on the difference in angles between distant and nearby objects, the
light rays converge at different points beyond the lens. Light rays from distant objects
have a short focal length (focal length: the distance from the center of a lens to its focal
point). Light rays from nearby objects have a long focal length. In order to adjust the
focal length and force the focal point onto the retina, a process called accommodation,
the lens must change shape.

Additional information:
∙ The cornea and the lens have a convex shape, which causes light rays to bend
toward each other. While both of these structures contribute to image formation, the
cornea is not capable of changing shape to fine-tune image formation.
∙ The point where the light converges after passing through the lens is called the
focal point.
∙ Accommodation is the process by which the eye changes its focal length to ensure
that the focal point falls on the retina. In mammals, this happens when the lens
changes shape. This change is a function of the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary
muscles of the eye, to cause the lens to become more rounded or flattened,
respectively.
Page Ref: 295-296

77) Generally, how do sensory neurons encode stimulus intensity? What is the dynamic range of
a sensory neuron? How does range fractionation improve the dynamic range?
Answer: Sensory neurons change their firing rates to encode stimulus intensity. A higher
intensity stimulus generally results in a higher frequency of firing, while a lower-
intensity stimulus results in a lower frequency of firing. The dynamic range of a
neuron is the range between the minimum and maximum signals that can be
discriminated. At some point, the intensity of the stimulus will be so low in
magnitude that the sensory neuron will not fire reliably. The "threshold of detection"
is defined as the weakest stimulus that produces a response in a receptor 50% of the
time, and it forms the lowest limit of the neuron's dynamic range. At the top of the
dynamic range, the neuron has reached its highest firing frequency, and cannot
increase any more regardless of an increase in stimulus intensity. This saturation point
forms the highest limit of the cell's dynamic range. Range fractionation happens when
different sensory cells are sensitive to different (but overlapping) portions of the
dynamic range. Using a strategy in which groups of sensory neurons work together
within a single sensory organ, this effectively allows the organ to code for a much
wider range of stimulus intensities.
Page Ref: 263-4, Fig. 7.6

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78) It is late at night, and you are at the library doing some last-minute studying for your
comparative physiology exam. You suddenly feel hungry, and you head to the vending
machine to buy a snack. Explain the role of the following sensory structures/organs, and
give an example of how/when they will be active during this task.

a. Merkel cell
b. Gustatory receptors (choose one)
c. Macula of a utricle
d. Cone photoreceptor
Answer: Answers to this can be somewhat creative in giving examples for the use of these
receptors.
a. Merkel cells are used for fine tactile discrimination, and may be used for handling
coins, opening a bag of food, touching the food, etc. (see page 274).
b. Gustatory receptors: Depending on the type of snack, the student may describe the
function of any of the receptors from page 271 (salty, sour, bitter, umami, sweet). For
example, a bag of chips may be purchased, and the taste bud would be active with a
particular focus on the reception of a "salty" signal. Sodium from salty food enters the
receptor cell through a sodium channel, which causes cell depolarization. This
depolarization results in calcium influx and consequent neurotransmitter release. The
afferent neuron is activated.
c. The utricle is a part of the vestibular apparatus that is sensitive to linear
acceleration. It would be active during forward walking motion. (see page 281 Fig.
7.24a)
d. Cone photoreceptors in vertebrates detect color. Therefore, these would be active
when looking at all the different packages in the vending machine. (see page 289-290,
Figure 7.31, and Table 7.21)
Page Ref: 274, 281, 289-290

79) Why is it so difficult to localize sound with only one ear? How does having two ears help to
localize sound?
Answer: Sound is localized in two main ways. One way is through a TIMING DIFFERENCE.
For example, if a sound is produced on the right side of the head, the sound will reach
the right ear before it reaches the left. The brain can process this time lag, and the
sound is perceived, correctly, as coming from the right. Sound is also localized
through an INTENSITY DIFFERENCE. That is, when the same signal coming from the
right passes through the head to reach the left ear, the sound intensity is altered. The
brain can process this intensity difference, and the sound is perceived, correctly, as
coming from the right. Two ears are required to process these differences, and that is
why it is difficult to localize sound with only one ear.
Page Ref: 287

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80) If all sensory signals are eventually transduced into the common action potential, then how
do receptors encode stimulus modality? Give an example.
Answer: One way in which sensory systems can code for stimulus modality is described by the
theory of labeled lines. Since most sensory receptors are maximally sensitive to only
one type of stimulus, and a sensory receptor is part of (or synapses with) a particular
afferent neuron, signals in that afferent neuron must represent a specific stimulus
modality. In other words, nociceptive afferent neurons are active ONLY in response to
nociceptive stimuli, and thermal afferent neurons are active ONLY in response to
thermal stimuli. In a common example, we know that the optic nerve transmits the
signal "light" whenever the eye is stimulated, even if the stimulus is pressure on the
eyeball.

The assumption with the labeled-line theory is that there is a discrete pathway from a
sensory cell to the integrating center, but sensory connections are not always this
simple. For example, polymodal receptors (e.g., ampullae of Lorenzini), which are
sensitive to a variety of different stimuli, cannot code in the basic way laid out by the
labeled-line theory. In this case, the afferent neuron may discriminate modality based
on the firing pattern (e.g., high-frequency bursts instead of tonic firing). Additionally,
neighboring polymodal receptors, with slightly different sensitivities to the various
stimuli, may work together to send a coded signal to the afferent neuron. This type of
"cross-fiber coding" is not well understood.
Page Ref: 260

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