Human Anatomy and Physiology

Laboratory Manual Fetal Pig Version

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Olfactory receptor cells differ from all other receptors for special senses in that they ________. 1) _______
A) are neurons B) have hairs
C) detect chemicals D) are of epithelial origin

2) The olfactory epithelium ________. 2) _______

A) lines the nasal cavity B) surrounds the olfactory bulb
C) lies superior to the cribriform plate D) contains olfactory receptor cells

3) Nerve fibers from the olfactory bulb project directly to ________. 3) _______
A) the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe B) the hypothalamus
C) the thalamus D) the basal ganglia

4) Taste receptor cells are also called ________. 4) _______

A) taste buds B) papillae C) gustatory cells D) taste hairs

5) Taste receptors are found primarily on the tongue, but may also be found ________. 5) _______
A) in the soft palate and pharynx B) in the esophagus
C) in the olfactory epithelium D) throughout the nasal passages

6) Which structures form a V-shape on the posterior portion of the tongue? 6) _______
A) foliate papillae B) fungiform papillae C) circumvallate papillae

7) The sensation of taste is carried on axons of the following cranial nerve(s): ________. 7) _______
A) V B) III, IV, and VI C) VII, IX, and X D) I

8) Acids primarily activate receptors that respond to ________ tastes. 8) _______

A) bitter B) sour C) salty D) umami E) sweet

9) Salty taste seems to be due to ________. 9) _______

A) sugars and lead salts B) Na+ ions
C) the amino acid glutamate D) H+ ions

10) Adaptation ________. 10) ______

A) cannot occur for the chemical senses
B) occurs only for the sense of smell
C) occurs when the stimulus is still present, but can no longer be detected
D) is a property of all sensory receptors

11) Airborne chemicals are most likely to stimulate ________. 11) ______
A) olfactory receptors
B) olfactory receptors, taste receptors for umami, and taste receptors for bitter
C) taste receptors for bitter
D) taste receptors for umami

12) Like olfactory support cells, olfactory receptor cells ________. 12) ______
A) have long dendrites B) continually reproduce
C) have no axons D) are of epithelial origin

13) Olfactory fibers constitute ________. 13) ______

A) CN IX B) CN V C) CN I D) CN VII
14) Tastes associated with caffeine, quinine, or aspirin are detected primarily by ________ taste 14) ______
receptors.
A) umami B) sour C) salty D) bitter E) sweet

15) Sugar crystals placed on a dry tongue immediately ________. 15) ______
A) activate receptors located only in the middle of the tongue
B) do not activate any taste receptors
C) activate sweet receptors
D) activate sweet and umami receptors

16) It is easier to taste and identify a particular substance if ________. 16) ______
A) the substance is cold
B) the substance has a distinct texture
C) the nose is plugged
D) the substance has a distinct texture, the nose is plugged, and the substance is cold

17) Of all the factors that influence our sense of taste, this is the most important one. 17) ______
A) temperature B) smell C) texture

18) Because of anatomical differences in the olfactory system, the sense of smell may be more 18) ______
important to this animal than it is to humans.
A) predatory bird B) sheep C) fish

19) A substance cannot dissolve in water or the mucous substances that coat the olfactory 19) ______
epithelium. What is true about this substance?
A) We can detect it by taste but not smell.
B) We cannot detect it using the chemical senses.
C) We can detect it by smell but not taste.

20) Adaptation of the olfactory epithelium ________. 20) ______

A) rarely occurs
B) occurs readily in the presence of odorants
C) is difficult to detect
D) occurs only when the surrounding air is cold

21) This endocrine gland sits atop the kidneys. It's inner most portion releases the hormone 21) ______
epinephrine.
A) pancreas B) thyroid C) thymus D) adrenal

22) This endocrine gland lies outside the body cavities. It produces sex hormones. 22) ______
A) pituitary B) testis C) ovary D) adrenal

23) What gland makes growth hormone? 23) ______

A) pituitary B) pancreas C) thyroid D) adrenal

24) Hormones released from this gland include ADH and oxytocin. 24) ______
A) anterior pituitary B) pineal
C) posterior pituitary D) hypothalamus

25) The gonads include the following glands: ________. 25) ______
A) both ovaries and testes B) ovaries, testes, and pituitary
 C) ovaries only D) testes only

26) Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland? 26) ______
A) T3 and T4 B) calcitonin and calcitriol
C) only PTH D) calcitonin and PTH

27) The adrenal cortex produces the hormones ________. 27) ______
A) cortisol B) androgens
C) aldosterone D) aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

28) These hormones pass through the hypophyseal portal system to act on cells of the anterior 28) ______
pituitary gland.
A) FSH and LH B) tropic hormones
C) releasing or inhibiting hormones D) growth hormone and prolactin

29) This hormone stimulates uterine contractions during birth and causes milk ejection in the 29) ______
lactating mother.
A) gonadocorticoids B) melatonin
C) prolactin D) oxytocin

30) Hypersecretion of this hormone results in loss of calcium from the bones, and softening and 30) ______
spontaneous fractures of the bones.
A) growth hormone B) parathyroid hormone
C) gonadocorticoids D) insulin

31) This gland produces the hormone calcitonin. 31) ______

A) pancreas B) thyroid C) pituitary D) parathyroid

32) This gland is located in the cranial cavity and produces the hormone melatonin. 32) ______
A) pineal B) pituitary C) hypothalamus D) choroid plexus

33) The hormone glugacon ________. 33) ______

A) accelerates transport of glucose into body cells
B) stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen or fat for storage
C) raises blood glucose
D) raises blood glucose, accelerates transport of glucose into body cells, and stimulates
conversion of glucose to glycogen or fat for storage

34) This hormone is the major controller of blood calcium on a day-to-day basis. 34) ______
A) renal caltrate B) calcitriol
C) parathyroid hormone D) calcitonin

35) Hyposecretion of insulin, or a deficiency in insulin receptors leads to ________. 35) ______
A) tetany B) diabetes mellitus
C) hirsutism D) hypoglycemia

36) Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include ________. 36) ______
A) TSH and prolactin B) FSH, LH, and prolactin
C) ACTH and GH D) LH, FSH, ACTH, and TSH

37) Growth hormone and prolactin are produced by these anterior pituitary cells. 37) ______
A) chromophobes B) acidophil cells C) pituicytes D) basophil cells
38) Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin? 38) ______
A) beta cells B) chief cells C) alpha cells D) acinar cells

39) These hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. They help the body 39) ______
resist long-term stressors.
A) gonadocorticoids B) mineralocorticoids C) glucocorticoids

40) Hyperthyroidism is associated with ________. 40) ______

A) increased BMR (basal metabolic rate)
B) weight loss
C) increased oxygen consumption
D) increased BMR, increased oxygen consumption, and weight loss

41) We measure metabolic rate indirectly by measuring ________. 41) ______

A) activity levels B) food consumption
C) body heat production D) oxygen consumption

42) We can stimulate amphibians to ovulate by injecting ________. 42) ______

A) growth hormone B) gonadotropins
C) estrogen and progesterone D) thyroid hormone

43) Catecholamines are released by the postganglionic sympathetic fibers and cells of the adrenal 43) ______
medulla. We will study the frog heart using this catecholamine.
A) epinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine

44) Which reason best explains why hyperinsulinism in the fish causes it to become comatose? 44) ______
A) High blood glucose levels damage the kidneys.
B) Low blood glucose levels shut down the liver.
C) High blood glucose levels make the brain shut down.
D) Low blood glucose levels deprive the brain of fuel.

45) During this condition, animals have normal thyroid function. 45) ______
A) hyperthyroidism B) hypothyroidism
C) euthyroidism D) statothyroidism

46) Which rats had the highest oxygen consumption? 46) ______
A) those with normal thyroid function
B) those with increased thyroid levels
C) those with decreased thyroid hormone
D) All rats had the same oxygen consumption.

47) If you had carefully controlled food intake in your experimental groups and the control group, 47) ______
so that all rats consumed the same amount of food/day, which group would have gained the
most weight?
A) those with decreased thyroid hormone
B) those with normal thyroid function
C) those with increased thyroid levels
D) None of the groups would have shown changes in weight.

48) How is body weight correlated to thyroid levels? 48) ______

A) Increased thyroid hormone causes more food to be stored as fat, leading to weight gain.
 B) Increased thyroid hormone causes the body to burn food at a faster rate, reducing the
chance that calories from food will be stored as fat and lead to weight gain.
C) Increased thyroid hormone causes a decrease in BMR, leading to weight gain.
D) Increased thyroid hormone causes muscles to bulk up, thus increasing weight.

49) Many factors modify metabolic rate. Which ones increase metabolic activity? 49) ______
A) aging B) increasing exercise
C) obesity D) hypothermia (lowered body
temperature)

50) Which of the gonadotropins injected into the frog actually caused ovulation? 50) ______
A) LH B) FSH C) ACTH D) TSH

51) After your fish became comatose secondary to hyperinsulinism, you administered ________ to 51) ______
restore normal function.
A) glucose B) glucagon C) insulin D) epinephrine

52) How did epinephrine affect the heart rate? 52) ______
A) It caused heart rate to decrease.
B) It caused heart rate to increase.
C) It had no effect on heart rate.

53) Knowing that epinephrine mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, what 53) ______
additional effects would you expect epinephrine to cause in the heart?
A) arrhythmia
B) increased force of contraction
C) decreased force of contraction
D) None of these choices are correct: epinephrine affects only heart rate.

54) How are the changes in heart activity after flushing the heart with epinephrine important to a 54) ______
sympathetic response of the body?
A) They increase metabolic rate, thereby increasing response time of the animal to stress.
B) They increase cardiac output, thereby increasing the amount of blood available to working
muscles.
C) They warm up the body.
D) They increase respiratory rate.

55) Normally, the amount of plasma in whole blood is ________ than the amount of formed 55) ______
elements; plasma makes up approximately ________ percent of whole blood.
A) less; 30 B) greater; 65 C) greater; 55 D) less; 45

56) This component of blood plasma includes molecules that are important for body defense, 56) ______
osmotic balance, and lipid transport.
A) water B) glucose and hormones
C) salts D) plasma proteins

57) The most numerous blood cells are ________. 57) ______
A) neutrophils B) monocytes C) lymphocytes D) red blood cells

58) A normal red blood cell count is ________; of the sexes, ________ generally have greater 58) ______
numbers.
A) 4 to 6 million/mm2 of blood; men B) 2 to 3 million/mm2 of blood; men
 C) 4 to 6 million/mm2 of blood; women D) 2 to 3 million/mm2 of blood; women

59) These are the most abundant leukocytes, constituting 40-70% of all white blood cells. 59) ______
A) basophils
B) lymphocytes
C) eosinophils
D) neutrophils
E) monocytes

60) These white blood cells kill parasitic worms and play a complex role in allergic responses and 60) ______
asthma.
A) eosinophils
B) basophils
C) lymphocytes
D) neutrophils
E) monocytes

61) This formed element is essential for blood clotting. 61) ______
A) salts B) red blood cells C) platelets D) eosinophils

62) The hematocrit measures ________. 62) ______

A) the number of RBC/mm3 of blood B) the number of WBC/mm3 of blood
C) the volume of WBC in a blood sample D) the volume of RBC in a blood sample

63) From the choices listed here, the most accurate way to assess the oxygen-carrying capacity of the 63) ______
blood is probably to measure the ________.
A) coagulation time B) hemoglobin content
C) blood type D) hematocrit

64) What is true about blood typing? 64) ______

A) Type AB blood contains antigens A and B.
B) Type AB blood contains neither A nor B antigen.
C) Type O blood contains antigens A and B.
D) Type B blood contains A antigen.

65) The major function of the red blood cells (RBC) is to ________. 65) ______
A) phagocytize bacteria
B) seal small tears in blood vessels
C) release histamine and other anti-inflammatory substances
D) transport O2 and CO2

66) Which of the following white blood cells are granulocytes? 66) ______
A) lymphocytes and monocytes B) neutrophils and lymphocytes
C) basophils and neutrophils D) eosinophils and monocytes

67) This cell is the largest white blood cell. It lacks cytoplasmic granules and has a kidney-shaped 67) ______
nucleus.
A) basophil B) neutrophil C) monocyte D) eosinophil

68) Platelets ________. 68) ______

A) are cellular components of blood B) transport O2 and CO2
C) are the smallest formed elements of bl ood
 D) are essential for the immune response

69) A person who has symptoms of paleness and chronic fatigue is suspected of having anemia. To 69) ______
investigate this suspicion further, it would be most helpful to measure ________.
A) differential WBC count B) hematocrit C) total WBC count

70) Leukopenia ________. 70) ______

A) is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs
B) may indicate a disease such as cirrhosis of the liver or tuberculosis
C) may result from bone marrow cancer, or from living at high altitudes
D) is characterized by an abnormally high WBC count

71) A blood test reveals a large increase in the number of RBCs. One possible explanation for this 71) ______
may be ________.
A) anemia B) leukocytosis C) leukemia D) polycythemia

72) Which test measures hemoglobin concentration in the blood? 72) ______
A) hematocrit B) hemoglobinometer determination
C) blood typing D) bleeding time

73) A patient reports to the doctor that she bruises very easily, and when she cuts herself, she has a 73) ______
hard time stopping the bleeding. What test might a health care provider order to help diagnose
this problem?
A) blood typing B) hematocrit
C) coagulation time D) plasma cholesterol concentration

74) A person with type AB blood receives a transfusion of type O blood. Will there be a transfusion 74) ______
reaction? Why or why not?
A) yes: the recipient must receive blood of the same type as his or her own
B) no: the anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the recipient do not affect the donated blood,
because type O blood has no A or B antigens
C) yes: the anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the recipient clump and hemolyze the donated
blood
D) no: the recipient has no antibodies to antigens A and B, and therefore can receive blood
from a type O donor

75) The heart is located in a subdivision of the thorax called the ________. 75) ______
A) mediastinum B) epigastric cavity
C) pleural cavity D) pericardial cavity

76) The major pumping chambers of the heart are ________. 76) ______
A) both ventricles B) both atria
C) the right atrium and ventricle D) the left atrium and ventricle

77) The shapes and the thickness of the walls of the right ventricle compared to the left are ________. 77) ______
A) different: R ventricle is egg-shaped (round in cross section) with thinner walls
B) different: L ventricle is pocket-shaped (crescent in cross section) with thicker walls
C) identical
D) different: L ventricle is egg-shaped (round in cross section) with thicker walls

78) How many heart valves are there? 78) ______

A) 2 B) 8 C) 4 D) 6
79) What is true of the mitral and tricuspid heart valves? 79) ______
A) They lie between the atria and the ventricular chambers on each side of the heart.
B) They lie between ventricles and the large arteries that leave the ventricles on each side of
the heart.
C) They are both on the right side of the heart.
D) They are both on the left side of the heart.

80) What is true about heart valves? 80) ______

A) They separate atria from ventricles, and ventricles from the large arteries that leave them.
B) They enforce a one-way blood flow through the heart.
C) They operate passively (no active contraction required).
D) They enforce a one-way blood flow through the heart, operate passively (no active
contraction required), and separate atria from ventricles, and ventricles from the large
arteries that leave them.

81) Which side of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs? 81) ______
A) both ventricles B) left C) right D) both atria

82) The pulmonary trunk and arteries are color-coded ________ on models and in pictures, because 82) ______
they carry ________ blood.
A) blue, deoxygenated B) blue, oxygenated
C) red, oxygenated D) red, deoxygenated

83) In the coronary circulation oxygenated blood is provided to the heart muscle by the ________. 83) ______
A) great middle and small cardiac veins
B) coronary sinus
C) right and left coronary arteries

84) Cardiac muscle tissue ________. 84) ______

A) is under the control of the voluntary (conscious) nervous system
B) is found only in major blood vessels
C) has spindle-shaped cells, like smooth muscle tissue
D) is striated, like skeletal muscle tissue

85) Blood arriving in the right atrium has just come from the ________. 85) ______
A) left atrium B) aorta
C) venae cavae and coronary sinus D) right ventricle

86) Blood has just been discharged into the pulmonary trunk: from which chamber did it exit? 86) ______
A) the right ventricle B) the left ventricle
C) the left atrium D) the right atrium

87) The heart is called a double pump because ________. 87) ______
A) it simultaneously pumps blood to the lungs (right side) and to all the other organs of the
body (left side)
B) blood flows into and out of each side of the heart, but not from one side to the other
C) it is two separate side-by-side pumps serving different circulations
D) it is two separate side-by-side pumps serving different circulations, it simultaneously
pumps blood to the lungs (right side) and to all the other organs of the body (left side), and
blood flows into and out of each side of the heart, but not from one side to the other
88) These vessels carry oxygenated blood. 88) ______
A) venae cavae and pulmonary artery B) aorta and pulmonary veins
C) aorta and pulmonary trunk D) venae cavae and pulmonary veins

89) What is the name of the circuit that supplies blood to the brain, heart, and gastrointestinal tract? 89) ______
A) pulmonary circulation B) cephalothoracic circulation
C) systemic circulation D) cardiac circulation

90) Which artery supplies the anterior ventricular walls and laterodorsal part of the left side of the 90) ______
heart?
A) left coronary artery B) right marginal artery
C) right coronary artery D) posterior interventricular artery

91) Which of the veins listed here drains directly into the right atrium? 91) ______
A) great cardiac vein B) small cardiac vein
C) middle cardiac vein D) anterior cardiac vein

92) The intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue ________. 92) ______
A) attach cardiac muscle cells to the fibrous skeleton of the heart
B) are responsible for the banding pattern, or striations, of the tissue
C) mark the junction between two cardiac cells
D) are responsible for the banding pattern, or striations, of the tissue, mark the junction
between two cardiac cells, and attach cardiac muscle cells to the fibrous skeleton of the
heart

93) This structure is a remnant of a fetal vessel that connected the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. 93) ______
A) fossa ovalis B) ligamentum arteriosum
C) ductus arteriosus D) foramen ovale

94) ________ is/are found in the ventricles, and attach the flaps of the AV valves to papillary muscle. 94) ______
A) Chordae tendineae B) Trabeculae carneae
C) Moderator band D) Pectinate muscles
 1) A
2) D
3) A
4) C
5) A
6) C
7) C
8) B
9) B
10) C
11) A
12) B
13) C
14) D
15) B
16) B
17) B
18) B
19) B
20) B
21) D
22) B
23) A
24) C
25) A
26) C
27) D
28) C
29) D
30) B
31) B
32) A
33) C
34) C
35) B
36) D
37) B
38) A
39) C
40) D
41) D
42) B
43) A
44) D
45) C
46) B
47) A
48) B
49) B
50) A
51) A
52) B
53) B
54) B
55) C
56) D
57) D
58) A
59) D
60) A
61) C
62) D
63) B
64) A
65) D
66) C
67) C
68) C
69) B
70) B
71) D
72) B
73) C
74) D
75) A
76) A
77) D
78) C
79) A
80) D
81) C
82) A
83) C
84) D
85) C
86) A
87) D
88) B
89) C
90) A
91) D
92) C
93) B
94) A
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 THE REBEL CAMP.
Upon a high plateau, the heavy trees had all been cut away over a
large area. They were designed for the construction of an abattis, and
though nothing had been done beyond chopping down the heavy
timber, the large trunks and limbs, lying in all directions, would have
presented almost insurmountable obstacles to the approach of
cavalry or artillery, had the rifle-pits, just beyond, been filled with
men.
Crossing the rifle-pits, the Unionists were in the enemy’s camp,
though still more than half a mile from the fort. Here were the wall
tents of a regiment, all standing in complete order, with the camp-
fires still blazing, the copper pots of soup for dinner boiling over
them, and the half-made biscuits in the pans. Inside the tents
everything was just as the enemy had left it—pistols, shot-guns,
muskets, bowie-knives, clothing, tables partially set for dinner,
letters half-written, with the ink scarcely dry upon the open page,
cards thrown down in the midst of the game, overcoats, blankets,
trunks, carpet sacks, and so on through all the articles of camp life. It
seemed as if the men were out at guard-mounting, and expected to
return in ten minutes.
Along the river bank were long rows of log barracks, enough to
accommodate two or three thousand men, and finished comfortably.
Inside they bore the same indications that the inmates had
decamped without a moment’s warning.
 ADVANCE OF NATIONAL GUNBOATS UP
THE TENNESSEE RIVER.
In accordance with the instructions of Commodore Foote, given
before the attack on Fort Henry, immediately after the capture of the
fort, February 6, the gunboats Conestoga, Lexington and Tyler,
under the command of Lieutenant Phelps, advanced up the river
twenty-five miles, to the crossing of the Bowling Green and Memphis
railway, breaking up a portion of the railway bridge, and rendering it
impassable. They next proceeded to destroy the rebel gunboats and
transports, capturing large quantities of munitions of war and
supplies, and advanced up the river for upwards of two hundred
miles to Eastport, in Mississippi, and Florence, at the foot of Muscle
Shoals, in Alabama, annihilating the rebel flotilla in the Tennessee
river. The expedition was welcomed at every point by the
inhabitants. Twenty-five Tennesseans enlisted at Cerro Gordo, where
also three steamers were seized, containing 250,000 feet of valuable
ship timber.
Toward the latter part of February, intelligence reached Fort
Henry that the rebels were fortifying a point on the Tennessee river,
near the Mississippi State line, whereupon Lieutenant-Commanding
William Gwin, with the gunboats Tyler and Lexington, were sent
forward to reconnoitre the position.
Having learned that the rebels had occupied and were fortifying a
place called Pittsburgh, nine miles above, on the right bank of the
river, he determined to attack them.
At twelve M. the Taylor, followed by the Lexington, Lieutenant-
Commanding Shirk, proceeded up the river. When within twelve
hundred yards of Pittsburgh, they were opened upon by the rebel
batteries, consisting of six or eight field pieces, some rifled. Getting
within one thousand yards, the Taylor and Lexington opened a well-
directed fire, and had the satisfaction of silencing the batteries.
They then proceeded abreast of the place, and, under the cover of
grape and canister, landed two armed boats from each vessel,
containing, besides their crews, a portion of company C, Captain
Thaddeus Phillips, and company K, First-Lieutenant John C. Rider,
of the Thirty-second regiment, Illinois Volunteers (sharpshooters).
Second-master Jason Gondy, commanded the boats of the Taylor,
and Second-master Martin Dunn, commanded the boats of the
Lexington. The landing was successfully accomplished. This small
force drove back the rebels, and held them in check until they had
accomplished their difficult object, which was to discover the real
strength and purpose of the enemy, and to destroy a house in close
proximity to the batteries. In addition to their artillery, the enemy
had a force of not less than two regiments of infantry, and a regiment
of cavalry.

SECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

SHOWING THE DISTANCES FROM

NEW ORLEANS.
 THE BURNSIDE EXPEDITION.

SAILING OF THE FLEET FOR HATTERAS

INLET.
January 12–20, 1862.
Immediately after the departure of the expedition to operate
against Port Royal and the adjacent territory, the organization of
another armament, to proceed to the North Carolina coast, was
commenced, and like its predecessor, was mainly fitted out at
Annapolis, Md., and gradually concentrated at Fortress Monroe.
After many delays, it sailed from that place for its destination on the
12th of January, 1862. The expedition consisted of a large naval force
of light-draught boats, taken from the commercial marine, fitted up
and armed, and a numerous retinue of transports and supply vessels,
all under the command of Commodore L. M. Goldsborough. There
were thirty-one gunboats in the expedition, exclusive of transports,
carrying an aggregate of ninety-four guns. Five of these, called
“floating batteries,” were vessels of strong hulls, heavily braced, and
cut down so as to present but a small surface when in action, and
designed to be anchored during an engagement. The entire number
of vessels of all classes was one hundred and twenty-five.
The land force consisted of about fourteen thousand men, under
the command of Brigadier-General Ambrose E. Burnside, who was
also Commander-in-chief of the expedition. It consisted of fifteen
regiments, divided into three brigades, commanded in their order by
Generals John G. Foster, Jesse L. Reno, and John G. Parke.
The vessels encountered adverse weather immediately after
starting from Fortress Monroe, and a number of the transports were
obliged to put back, having experienced one of those severe storms
which have rendered the coast of Cape Hatteras a terror and a
proverb to the mariner. For a time the expedition was in deadly peril.
Communication between the vessels of the fleet was rendered
impossible, and wreck and disaster appeared to be their inevitable
fate. Several gunboats and vessels were driven ashore and lost, and a
number of valuable lives sacrificed to the fury of the elements, in a
vain endeavor to succor some of the disabled vessels.
Along the whole coast of North Carolina there are many desolate
sand-bars or islands, varying from half a mile to two miles in width,
intersected by numerous inlets, which with few exceptions, are not
navigable. A principal one of these, known as Hatteras Inlet, opening
into the waters of Albemarle Sound, was the point where
Commodore Goldsborough’s fleet was now endeavoring to
concentrate.
On Monday morning, January 13, they were off Hatteras Inlet. Day
broke with a leaden sky, against which the angry, white-crested
waves raced their mad career along the reefs of Cape Hatteras, that
threw its headland oceanward but eight miles distant. Fourteen
steamers were laboring to weather the storm point. Bravely they
breasted on, staggering beneath the giant blows of each successive
sea, the decks swept fore and aft, and all on board reeling from side
to side like drunken men. One figure stood immovable, grasping the
bits and scanning the horizon for traces of ships as they rose on the
glittering mass of foam. It was the square, manly form of General
Burnside, whose anxiety for the fate of his army was intense. Many of
the vessels on which the troops were embarked were nothing more
than huge top-hampered river steamers, with projecting guards, that
would break up like cardboard if fairly struck by a sea.
At dark, all hands on the flag-ship were startled by the report of a
gun, and on reaching the hurricane deck they saw a large brig
drifting rapidly on to the bar. As it grew darker, and her outline
became less defined, the excitement became intense. She was
evidently in a most critical position, and every moment might be her
last. Slowly the black hull rose and fell, each time gliding nearer and
nearer to the vortex of white breakers, which, once reached, nothing
could save her. Suddenly a fringe of musketry fire surrounded her
bulwarks, and blue-lights were burnt in her tops. Volley after volley
succeeded each other in rapid succession, yet apparently no one
could help her; no human power dared face the tempest, and,
perhaps, share her doom. General Burnside boarded every steamtug
in the harbor; offered any reward, and also to go himself in aid of the
brig, but all held back. Were three hundred men to be launched into
eternity, and no effort made to save them? At last one brave seaman
volunteered to take his little steamer out—General Burnside jumped
aboard her—but by the earnest entreaties of the officers he delegated
the honorable position to one of his staff, for his heroic conduct had
nerved every brave heart in his command.
 BURNSIDE’S FLEET AT HATTERAS INLET.
From the 13th of January until the 4th of February, the fleet at
Hatteras Inlet experienced an almost uninterrupted series of gales,
and the two dykes which reach the east and west boundaries of the
inlet, were fringed with perpetual spray and foam from the breakers.
The lighter vessels, comprising the propeller gunboats, the side-
wheel steamers, and most of the schooner transports, had gone
safely through the “Swash,” and were securely anchored some two
miles from the throat of the inlet, while the larger ships and barks
were still riding outside, with colors continually flying for a pilot.
Many of these vessels were crowded with men suffering for the
want of necessary supplies, especially water, and the largest of the
transports had a draught of from two to four feet more than the
specifications of the guarantee should have allowed. The
consequence was, that they grounded in attempting the passage. An
occasional cessation of a few hours in the storm afforded opportunity
that could be taken advantage of by vessels to try the dangerous
passage, aided by the tugs, that responded but shyly to the signals for
aid. And thus for days the severity of the gale defied all
communication between the vessels outside of the bar, as they
battled with a fiercer foe than that upon the land—fighting a very
hand-to-hand fight with storm and ocean.
Nearly three weeks passed before all the vessels of the expedition
were brought in safety through the swash to anchorage within the
inlet. Though the severity of the storm had threatened the
destruction of the entire armada, and occasioned the deepest gloom
and anxiety in the minds of thousands of loyal friends at home, the
brave and skillful commanders were never despondent, and met the
new dangers of each day with hopeful energy and perseverance.
Eight vessels of various sizes were cast away or foundered in the
storm, though but few lives were lost.
Colonel J. W. Allen and Surgeon T. S. Weller, of the Ninth New
Jersey, were drowned from a small boat while on a noble mission to
relieve a suffering crew.
 Many of the large transports were grounded in attempting to pass
inside the inlet. From the necessity of lightening them, vast
quantities of property were lost or thrown overboard. An expedition
beset with such difficulties, all overcome by indomitable
perseverance, has seldom been recorded in the history of any
country.
 CAPTURE OF ROANOKE ISLAND.

February 8, 1862.

After a detention of three weeks in sight of Hatteras Inlet,

occasioned by the severity of the storm, and the difficulty of piloting
the heavily-laden vessels through the inlet, the expedition received
sailing orders on the 4th of February, and proceeded on the next day
to the point of attack. The fleet anchored on the night of February 5,
about ten miles below the southern point of Roanoke Island, from
whence they again weighed anchor at eight o’clock on the morning of
the 6th. A storm retarded their progress, and they remained over
night without passing through Roanoke Inlet to Croatan Sound.
At ten o’clock on the morning of the 7th, the gunboats, under the
lead of the Flag-officer’s ship, moved forward, and were soon inside
the narrow passage leading into Croatan Sound, known as Roanoke
Inlet. The mainland juts eastward, forming a point of marshy land at
the southern extremity of Croatan Sound, which is the only navigable
water leading past Roanoke Island. A small island forms the eastern
boundary of the channel, while the western shore is a low marshy
point. Following Commodore Goldsborough’s squadron were the
gunboats of the coast division, all of which passed through without
interruption.
The S. R. Spaulding, with General Burnside on board, next passed
through, but the remainder of the transports were detained about
two hours. The rebel gunboats could now be seen close in shore,
evidently under the guns of batteries on shore. As the fleet passed
into the sound, a signal was fired from one of the rebel gunboats, to
announce its approach. This was about half-past ten o’clock. At half-
past eleven the first gun was fired from the flag-ship, and was replied
to by the rebels. The Flag-officer hoisted the signal: “This day our
country expects that every man will do his duty.” The effect was
electric. The men worked their guns with unflagging energy,
determined that their country should have nothing to complain of in
relation to them. As the Federal vessels came within shorter range,
the fire became more rapid, but the regular fire did not commence
until noon, when the flag-ship displayed the signal for close action.
The number of the rebel gunboats visible in the early part of the
engagement was seven. As the vessels came into closer action, they
moved to the northward, with the design of drawing the Union fleet
after them, and bring them under the guns of their batteries on the
island. At twelve o’clock the engagement became general, between
the retreating gunboats of the rebels and the Union fleet, varied by
an occasional shot from a battery on shore. The firing was
exceedingly brisk for some time, but the distance was evidently too
great for destructive effect. The one hundred-pound Parrott gun on
board the Southfield, to which the Flag-Officer transferred his flag,
boomed forth terrific explosions, followed by the roar and crash of
flying shells. The puff of smoke in the air was almost simultaneous
with the splash of fragments in the water. The rebel gunboats kept up
a steady fire in reply. Their fire was varied at times by the louder
report of a hundred-pound Parrott gun on board one of their vessels.
The Sawyer gun on board the Fanny, which was captured by the
enemy at Hatteras Inlet, was the most annoying in its effects, as the
range was long and very accurate.
The fire from the fort indicated a weak force working the guns. The
rebel gunboats retired steadily a considerable distance up the sound.
A line of piles driven into the bed across the principal channel,
obstructed the progress of the Union vessels in the pursuit of the
retreating rebels, who occupied an inner channel under the guns of
their battery. The Union fleet now turned their attention to the fort,
which kept up a steady and rapid fire.
On the afternoon of the 7th, the transports, with the land forces,
were all brought safely through Roanoke Inlet, and clustered securely
in rear of the bombarding fleet. General Burnside gave immediate
orders for landing the forces, which was done at a small cove, known
as Ashby’s Harbor. In less than an hour four thousand men were
landed, and by eleven at night, the entire force, excepting one
regiment, were on the island, and their bivouac-fires lighted up the
shore and the woods for the distance of a mile.
At nine o’clock on the morning of the 8th, a few shots were
exchanged between the Federal gunboats and the battery, which
ceased after fifteen minutes’ duration, and was not renewed during
the day. The rebel gunboats had retreated, and all interest now
centered in the movements of the land forces.
From definite information received by General Burnside, the
position of all the works on the island was clearly known, and his
movements were based on this knowledge. The plan of attack
consisted of a central attacking column, led by Brigadier-General
Foster; a left flanking column to attack the right of the enemy’s work,
under Brigadier-General Reno, and a right flank column to attack the
left of the enemy’s position, under the command of Brigadier-
General Parke.
The approach to the enemy’s position was through a swampy
wood, with a dense undergrowth, rendering it almost impenetrable.
An ordinary cart-road leading through this wood from the shore to
the fieldwork, a distance of about a mile, was the only mode of
communication. The woods in front of the battery had been cut down
a distance of three hundred yards, forming an open space to be
played on by the rebel guns, about two hundred feet wide. The woods
immediately in rear of the work were also cut down to permit the
manœuvreing of their own forces.
Their battery consisted of an earthwork with three faces covering
the open space before, and the woods at each side of the open space,
but with a general direction of fire to the front. The guns were
mounted in embrasure, and consisted of a twenty-four-pounder
brass Dahlgren howitzer, a long eighteen-pounder brass field-gun,
and a twelve-pounder brass field piece. In front of the work was a
ditch eight feet wide and about three feet deep, filled with water. The
earthwork was about thirty-five yards wide, and was erected across
the road. The ground in front of the work was a deep marsh, on
which the trees which were felled still lay. The difficult nature of this
ground was increased by the pits from which the turf and earth for
the fieldwork had been taken. Branches were strewn over the front of
the work, making it impossible to discover it from the wood in front.
 The defending force consisted of about three hundred men, within
the breastwork, and about two thousand as a reserve, partly deployed
as skirmishers on the left of the battery. The rebels relied chiefly for
the defence of their flanks on the almost impenetrable nature of the
wood on each side. Their entire force, with the exception of the force
working the battery, was scattered in front and in the woods on the
left as skirmishers.
The Federal army advanced from the bivouac-ground of the
evening previous, where they had spent the night with nothing but
thin overcoats to protect them from a cold, driving rain. They had left
their knapsacks and blankets on the transports, each man carrying
nothing but his haversack, with three days’ provisions, and his
cartridge-box, with forty rounds of ball-cartridge. The centre, under
the command of General Foster, was composed of the Twenty-fifth
Massachusetts, Colonel Upton; Twenty-third Massachusetts, Colonel
Kurtz; Twenty-seventh Massachusetts, Colonel Lee, and the Tenth
Connecticut, Colonel Russell, and moved forward about eight o’clock.
They were followed by the second column, under General Reno,
consisting of the Twenty-first Massachusetts, Lieutenant-Colonel
Maggi; the Fifty-first New York, (Shepard Rifles,) Colonel Ferrero;
Ninth New Jersey, and the Fifty-first Pennsylvania, Colonel Hartraaf.
The third column, led by General Parke, was formed of the Fourth
Rhode Island, Colonel Rodman; First battalion, Fifth Rhode Island,
Major Wright; and Ninth New York, Colonel Hawkins.
A brilliant, well contested fight of two hours’ duration put the
Federal forces in possession of Roanoke Island, with all the batteries,
mounting thirty guns, and Fort Forrest, on the mainland, mounting
eight guns. It resulted in the unconditional surrender of the rebel
army on the island, numbering 2,500 men, with all their arms and
munitions of war. Captain O. Jennings Wise, son of ex-Governor
Wise of Virginia, lost his life in this engagement. The Governor
himself, being absent from his command on the day of battle,
escaped.
Colonel Russell, of the Tenth Connecticut, and Lieutenant-Colonel
De Monteuil, of the New York Fifty-third, were killed.
The Federal loss was fifty killed and one hundred and fifty
wounded. That of the rebels was about twenty killed, and sixty
wounded.
 EVACUATION OF BOWLING GREEN, KY.

February 14–16, 1862.

Before the commencement of hostilities in the State of Kentucky,

the rebel General Buckner, Commander-in-Chief of the State militia,
seized upon the town of Bowling Green, in Warren county, in the
southern section of the State, and occupied it as the grand centre and
depot of future military operations. The position was well chosen. It
was situated on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railway, and
connected also by rail with Memphis and Nashville; while water
communication through the Barren river was open to the Green
river, the Ohio, and Mississippi, and thus to all important points.
As a military post, its means of defence were also of the first
importance. The town lies on the south bank of Barren river, at a
point where the channel makes a bend not unlike a horse-shoe. The
buildings are situated a distance of five hundred yards from the
banks, which rise by jutted rocky sides fifty feet from the water level.
A series of nine swelling hills, or knolls, completely encompass the
town on the land side, and on these Buckner had erected a cordon of
forts; some of stone, and others of earth, twenty feet in thickness—all
of great magnitude. Forty-nine guns were mounted on the various
fortifications, and great engineering skill had been displayed in their
construction.
On learning the defeat of Zollicoffer’s troops at Mill Spring, on the
19th of January, General A. S. Johnson, on the 25th, ordered the
evacuation of Bowling Green, and General Floyd’s brigade
immediately marched from thence to Fort Donelson. Active
measures were then taken to carry out the order further, by shipping
heavy ordnance to Columbus, which place General Grant’s
reconnoissance at that time had induced the Confederates to believe
would be the first point of attack from the Federal army.
After the capture of Fort Henry, on the 6th of February, by which
the enemy’s communication with Columbus was intercepted, the
remaining troops were distributed, some to Fort Donelson, some to
Nashville and other points; and a work of indiscriminate destruction
of the buildings and property in the town commenced. The beautiful
iron railway bridge, and the wooden turnpike bridge over the Barren
river were first destroyed. The railway bridge over the Green river,
some forty miles to the north-east, had long since been burned, and
the forces of General Buell had been deterred from crossing that
stream up to the present time.
On the 11th of February, however, General Mitchell’s division,
encamped on Bacon creek, seven miles north of the Green river, were
ordered to advance on Bowling Green, and on that day marched to
Camp Madison, one mile north of the river; where receiving
confirmatory information of the retreat of the rebel forces, they
hastened forward.
Thursday morning, February 13th, the division—infantry, cavalry,
and artillery, left Camp Madison for Bowling Green, forty-two miles
distant, and made twenty miles the first day. The railroad appeared
to be but little injured, but all the buildings were destroyed. The
roads the first day were in splendid order, but much obstructed by
trees, which were, however, speedily removed by two companies of
mechanics and engineers, who swung their axes with energy, and
were never delayed over fifteen minutes by any impediment. The
ponds along the road were filled with dead horses and cattle, so long
as any cattle were to be found to fill them. The troops rested at noon
at Cave City, which was very nearly destroyed. On the second day
they started again for Bowling Green. The next morning was cold,
with about an inch and a half of snow, but they were up betimes and
on their way, the Nineteenth Illinois ahead as usual, with her blue
flag waving triumphantly. The road was obstructed, and filled with
signs of the rapid retreat of Hindman’s forces.
Hearing repeatedly that the railroad bridge over Barren river was
destroyed, and that the Confederates would not stand this side of the
river, Colonel Turchin ordered the cavalry and one battery ahead.
The ranks opened to the right and left, and Captain Loomis’ battery
dashed by in fine style toward Bowling Green. The men hearing the
cannon roar, hurried on, and reached the banks of the river opposite
Bowling Green, about two o’clock, making the forty-two miles in
about thirty-seven hours. After the firing commenced they seized
every team along the road, and had the knapsacks drawn by horses
the rest of the way, much to the relief of tired shoulders. General
Turchin fired the first shell into the town, and immediately three
regiments were seen scampering to the cars, and putting off in great
confusion.
But though within a mile of Bowling Green, they were powerless to
interfere, for there was Barren river, wide and unfordable, between
them, and both bridges destroyed. The Texan Rangers soon began to
fire all the public buildings. Fifty men under Captain Scott, got ready
to cross in a little skiff by parties, and try to drive out the few who
remained to perform this work, but the General would not allow it.
They then pitched their tents and prepared to wait until a bridge
could be erected. When snugly tucked in their blankets, the assembly
beat to arms, and the brigade was soon in ranks. They expected to
march to town, but were put on the back track some three miles.
They left the main road, and soon came to the river, where they
built fires and rested as well as possible. Here the repairs of an old
wherry were completed, and they crossed the river, protected by
artillery. There was a slight snow falling, and it was uncomfortably
cold. The Nineteenth and Twenty-fourth, Hecker’s Illinois, crossed
first. The men suffered intensely from cold, but declared that they
had rather be shot than frozen, and pushed on. But no enemy
appeared, and the tired soldiers soon surrounded the fires, some of
which had been burning for several days. All the public buildings and
several warehouses, filled with pork, beef, coffee, etc., were
destroyed. A pile of grain thirty feet by twenty, was burning when the
Federal troops arrived. Four engines and several cars were also
burnt. The cars had been carrying away provision for a week, but still
immense quantities were destroyed. Boxes of guns, large numbers of
bowie-knives roughly fashioned of iron, every conceivable kind of
shooting apparatus, and all sorts of hardware for cooking and other
uses were found in immense quantities.
Bowling Green is a town of considerable commercial importance,
and possesses many large stores and warehouses. The majority of the
inhabitants were loyal in their sentiments, though many influential
citizens sympathized with the rebellion; but when the work of
destruction commenced, no discrimination was allowed, and all were
made sufferers. The unexpected arrival of General Mitchell’s army,
and the terror of his artillery, drove the rebels from the town before
their incendiary intentions were fully consummated, and much
private property was saved which would else have been consumed by
the flames.
When General Buckner was exercising military sovereignty in
southern Kentucky, one of his proclamations demanded that every
man in Wright county should deliver to him at his headquarters, one
gun, or twenty dollars in money, under the penalty of fifty dollars’
fine, or ninety days’ imprisonment. In response to this edict, a
motley collection of old squirrel and shot-guns were added to the
Confederate stores, and with other treasures were packed in
buildings at Bowling Green. A hasty evacuation of that stronghold
having become a “military necessity,” these buildings were fired by
the retreating rebels, and among the ruins which met the curious
gaze of General Mitchell’s men when they entered the town, were
scattered piles of the iron parts of these guns, in several places a foot
thick.
 CAPTURE OF FORT DONELSON.

February 13–16, 1862.

Bravely as the army of the West had sustained the honor of the
Union, the crowning glory of taking Fort Donelson remained to be
accomplished. To attack a strongly-defended fort, formidable by
nature and rendered almost impregnable by military art, was a work
of extreme danger, nay, of impossibility to less resolute men.

ATTACK ON FORT DONELSON BY THE FEDERAL GUNBOATS.

 THE SURRENDER OF FORT DONELSON.

The relative positions of Fort Henry and Donelson, the former on

the Tennessee river and the latter on the Cumberland, should be
clearly understood, in order to comprehend the difficulties of this
undertaking.
Fort Henry had been occupied by Federal troops, and it became
necessary to effect the reduction of Fort Donelson, in order to open
the river to the navigation of the national flotilla, and to reach
Nashville, the capital of Tennessee.
The surrender of Fort Henry took place on the 6th of February.
One of the gunboats, the Essex, being disabled, was obliged to return
to Cairo for repairs, while the Lexington, Conestoga and Tyler,
returned to the Ohio, in order to reach the Cumberland river to make
the ascent to Fort Donelson. Commodore Foote having completed
his preparations, left Cairo on the 11th of February for the scene of
action—the Carondelet having previously been sent forward to
reconnoitre the position.
On the same day General Grant issued his orders for the
movement of the land forces in two divisions, on the following
morning. The distance from Fort Henry to Fort Donelson across the
land lying between the two rivers, is fourteen miles. There are several
roads running from Fort Henry to Dover, near which Fort Donelson
was situated. The divisions were disposed by brigades, one of which
was to be thrown into Dover to cut off the retreat of the enemy, if
attempted by that route.
Fort Donelson takes its name from Andrew Jackson Donelson, a
citizen of Tennessee, and its construction was commenced as early as
May, 1861. It occupied the best position for defence on the
Cumberland river, standing on the summit of a fine slope, rising to
the height of one hundred and fifty feet from the river, on its right
bank, and mounted sixteen guns. There were two water batteries,
one of which was about twenty or thirty feet above the river, and
defended by nine pieces, eight thirty-two-pound guns, and one ten-
inch columbiad. The second was some sixty feet above, and was
mounted with one ten-inch columbiad, and two thirty-two pound
carronades.
Both these batteries were sunken or excavated in the hill-side. In
the lower one, strong traverses were left between the guns, to secure
them against an enfilading fire. The elevation above the water at the
time of the gunboat attack, gave them a fine command of the river,
and made the task of attacking them in front an arduous one. The
range of the guns in arc, was, however, quite limited.
The third occupied the summit of the hill, and mounted four 128-
pound guns. The camp was behind the fort on the hill, but within
range of gunboats on the river.
 THE NAVAL ATTACK.
On the night of February 11th, the St. Louis, (the flag-ship,)
Louisville, and Pittsburg, sailed from Cairo. The Carondelet, as
already stated, had been dispatched a day or two in advance, and at
Paducah, on the noon of the 12th, the fleet was joined by the
Conestoga and Tyler. Of these the three first were iron-clad vessels.
From Paducah the fleet was accompanied by sixteen transports,
carrying six thousand infantry, and cavalry and artillery.
The fleet followed the flag-ship of Commodore Foote, as they
turned out of the Ohio, and began the ascent of the Cumberland.
Passing onward from the Ohio, sweeping through Kentucky and
Tennessee up to the western boundaries of Virginia, the fleet carried
the national ensign, which was met with continual cheers and
responses from the people on the banks.
About four o’clock in the afternoon, a messenger steamer, the Alps,
met the fleet, with a dispatch from General Grant, requesting all
haste to be made, as the gunboats were anxiously expected. Putting
on steam, the Alps took the St. Louis and Louisville in tow, leaving
the transports to hasten as rapidly as they could be urged. The
former arrived within two miles of the fort at twelve o’clock, on the
night of Thursday, the 13th.
On the morning of that day, the Carondelet, by order of General
Grant, had bombarded the fort, and single-handed, commenced the
attack on the works. On the previous day she had advanced and fired
eight shots, but without drawing out any reply. The attack of the 13th
was differently met by the fort, as the shells were briskly responded
to, and a vigorous fire was maintained for two hours. The Carondelet
kept her bows hard on the fort, carefully guarding against presenting
her broadside to the enemy. She fired one hundred and twenty-eight
shots in ninety-five minutes. At the end of that time, a ball from one
of the 128-pound guns entered her port-bow, and struck a portion of
her machinery. Six men were slightly wounded by the splinters which
flew from the ship’s timbers. She retired beyond the range of the
guns, to ascertain the amount of damage, and in the afternoon, after
repairing, was again ordered to the charge, and fired a number of
shots, but without sensible effect.