Common Laboratory Tests

Laboratory Conventional Units Conversion Factor SI Units

APPENDIX

Acid phosphatase
Male 2–12 units/L 16.7 33–200 nkat/L
Female 0.3–9.2 units/L 16.7 5–154 nkat/L
Activated partial thromboplatin time (aPTT) 25–40 s
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 15–80 pg/mL or ng/L 0.2202 3.3–17.6 pmol/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) 7–53 IU/L 0.01667 0.12–0.88 μ kat/L
Albumin 3.5–5.0 g/dL 10 35–50 g/L
Albumin:creatinine ratio (urine)
Normal Less than 30 mg/g creatinine
Microalbuminuria 30–300 mg/g creatinine
Proteinuria Greater than 300 mg/g creatinine
or or
Normal
Male Less than 2.0 mg/mmol creatinine
Female Less than 2.8 mg/mmol creatinine
Microalbuminuria
Male 2.0–20 mg/mmol creatinine
Female 2.8–28 mg/mmol creatinine
Proteinuria
Male Greater than 20 mg/mmol creatinine
Female Greater than 28 mg/mmol creatinine
Aldosterone
Supine Less than 16 ng/dL 27.7 Less than 444 pmol/L
Upright Less than 31 ng/dL 27.7 Less than 860 pmol/L
Alkaline phosphatase
10–15 years 130–550 IU/L 0.01667 2.17–9.17 μ kat/L
16–20 years 70–260 IU/L 0.01667 1.17–4.33 μ kat/L
Greater than 20 years 38–126 IU/L 0.01667 0.13–2.10 μ kat/L
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Less than 15 ng/mL 1 Less than 15 mcg/L
Alpha1-antitrypsin 80–200 mg/dL 0.01 0.8–2.0 g/L
Amikacin, therapeutic 15–30 mg/L peak 1.71 25.6–51.3 μ mol/L peak
Less than or equal to Less than or equal to
8 mg/L trough 13.7 μ mol/L trough
Amitriptyline 80–200 ng/ml or mcg/L 3.4 272–680 nmol/L
Ammonia (plasma) 15.33–56.20 mcg NH3/dL 0.5872 9–33 μ mol NH3 /L
Amylase 25–115 IU/L 0.01667 0.42–1.92 μ kat/L
Androstenedione 50–250 ng/dL 0.0349 1.7–8.7 nmol/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 15–70 units/L 16.67 250–1167 nkat/L
Anion gap 7–16 mEq/L 1 7–16 mmol/L
Anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-ds DNA) Negative
Anti-HAV Negative
Anti-HBc Negative
Anti-HBs Negative
Anti-HCV Negative
Anti–Sm antibody Negative
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Negative
Apolipoprotein A-1
Male 95–175 mg/dL 0.01 0.95–1.75 g/L
Female 100–200 mg/dL 0.01 1.0–2.0 g/L
Apolipoprotein B
Male 50–110 mg/dL 0.01 0.5–1.10 g/L
Female 50–105 mg/dL 0.01 0.5–1.05 g/L
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) 11–47 IU/L 0.01667 0.18–0.78 μ kat/L
Beta2-microglobulin Less than 0.2 mg/dL 10 2 mg/L
Bicarbonate 22–26 mEq/L 1 22–26 mmol/L
Bilirubin
Total 0.3–1.1 mg/dL 17.1 5.13–18.80 μ mol/L
Direct 0–0.3 mg/dL 17.1 0–5.1 μ mol/L
Indirect 0.1–1.0 mg/dL 17.1 1.71–17.1 μ mol/L
Bleeding time 3–7 minutes
Blood gases (arterial)
pH 7.35–7.45 1 7.35–7.45
PO2 80–105 mm Hg 0.133 10.6–14.0 kPa
PCO2 35–45 mm Hg 0.133 4.7–6.0 kPa
HCO3 22–26 mEq/L 1 22–26 mmol/L
O2 saturation Greater than or equal to 95% 0.01 0.95
Blood urea nitrogen 8–25 mg/dL 0.357 2.9–8.9 mmol/L
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) 0–99 pg/mL 1 0–99 ng/L
BUN-to-creatinine ratio 10:1 to 20:1
C-peptide 0.51–2.70 ng/mL 330 170–900 pmol/L or
0.33 0.172–0.900 nmol/L
C-reactive protein Less than 0.8 mg/dL 10 Less than 8 mg/L
CA-125 Less than 35 units/mL 1 Less than 35 kilounits/L
CA 15-3 Less than 30 units/mL 1 Less than 30 kilounits/L
CA 19-9 Less than 37 units/mL 1 Less than 37 kilounits/L
CA 27-29 Less than 38 units/mL 1 Less than 38 kilounits/L
Calcium
Total 8.6–10.3 mg/dL 0.25 2.15–2.58 mmol/L
4.3–5.16 mEq/L 0.50 2.15–2.58 mmol/L
Ionized 4.5–5.1 mg/dL 0.25 1.13–1.28 mmol/L
2.26–2.56 mEq/L 0.50 1.13–1.28 mmol/L
Carbamazepine, therapeutic 4–12 mg/L 4.23 17–51 μ mol/L
Carboxyhemoglobin (nonsmoker) Less than 2% 0.01 Less than 0.02
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Nonsmoker Less than 2.5 ng/mL 1 Less than 2.5 mcg/L
Smoker Less than 5 ng/mL Less than 5 mcg/L
Cardiac troponin I (see troponin I) Variable ng/mL 1 Variable mcg/L
CD4 lymphocyte count 31–61% of total lymphocytes
(continued)
Laboratory Conventional Units Conversion Factor SI Units
CD8 lymphocyte count 18–39% of total lymphocytes

APPENDIX
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pressure 75–175 mm H2O
Glucose 40–70 mg/dL 0.0555 2.2–3.9 mmol/L
Protein 15–45 mg/dL 0.01 0.15–0.45 g/L
WBC Less than 10/mm3
Ceruloplasmin 18–45 mg/dL 10 180–450 mg/L
0.063 1.1–2.8 μ mol/L
Chloride 97–110 mEq/L 1 97–110 mmol/L
Cholesterol
Desirable Less than 200 mg/dL 0.0259 Less than 5.18 mmol/L
Borderline high 200–239 mg/dL 0.0259 5.18–6.19 mmol/L
High Greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL 0.0259 Greater than or equal to 6.2 mmol/L
Chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) Less than 5 milliunits/mL 1 Less than 5 units/L
Clozapine Minimum trough 300–350 ng/mL or mcg/L 3.06 918–1071 nmol/L
CO2 content 22–30 mEq/L 1 22–30 mmol/L
Complement component 3 (C3) 70–160 mg/dL 0.01 0.7–1.6 g/L
Complement component 4 (C4) 20–40 mg/dL 0.01 0.2–0.4 g/L
Copper 70–150 mcg/dL 0.157 11–24 μ mol/L
Cortisol (fasting, morning) 5–25 mcg/dL 27.6 138–690 nmol/L
Cortisol (free, urinary) 10–100 mcg/day 2.76 28–276 nmol/day
Creatine kinase
Male 30–200 IU/L 0.01667 0.50–3.33 μ kat/L
Female 20–170 IU/L 0.01667 0.33–2.83 μ kat/L
MB fraction 0–7 IU/L 0.01667 0.0–0.12 μ kat/L
Creatinine clearance (CrCl) (urine) 85–135 mL/minute/1.73 m2 0.00963 0.82–1.3 mL/s/m2
Creatinine
Male 4–20 years 0.2–1.0 mg/dL 88.4 18–88 μ mol/L
Female 4–20 years 0.2–1.0 mg/dL 88.4 18–88 μ mol/L
Male (adults) 0.7–1.3 mg/dL 88.4 62–115 μ mol/L
Female (adults) 0.6–1.1 mg/dL 88.4 53–97 μ mol/L
Cyclosporin
Renal transplant 100–300 ng/mL or mcg/L 0.832 83–250 nmol/L
Cardiac, liver, or pancreatic transplant 200–350 ng/mL or mcg/L 0.832 166–291 nmol/L
Cryptococcal antigen Negative
D-dimers Less than 250 ng/mL 1 Less than 250 mcg/L
Desipramine 75–300 ng/mL or mcg/L 3.75 281–1125 mmol/L
Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) (overnight) 8:00 am cortisol less than 5 mcg/dL 0.0276 Less than 0.14 μ mol/L
DHEAS
Male 170–670 mcg/dL 0.0271 4.6–18.2 μ mol/L
Female
Premenopausal 50–540 mcg/dL 0.0271 1.4–14.7 μ mol/L
Postmenopausal 30–260 mcg/dL 0.0271 0.8–7.1 μ mol/L
Digoxin, therapeutic 0.5–1.0 ng/mL or mcg/L 1.28 0.6–1.3 nmol/L
Erythrocyte count (blood) See under Red blood cell count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Westergren
Male 0–20 mm/hour
Female 0–30 mm/hour
Wintrobe
Male 0–9 mm/hour
Female 0–15 mm/hour
Erythropoietin 2–25 mIU/mL 1 2–25 IU/L
Estradiol
Male 10–36 pg/mL 3.67 37–132 pmol/L
Female 34–170 pg/mL 3.67 125–624 pmol/L
Ethanol, legal intoxication Greater than or equal to 50–100 mg/dL 0.217 10.9–21.7 mmol/L
Greater than or equal to 0.05–0.1% 217
Ethosuccimide, therapeutic 40–100 mg/L or mcg/mL 7.08 283–708 μ mol/L
Factor VIII or factor IX
Severe hemophilia Less than 1 IU/dL 0.01 Less than 0.01 units/mL
Moderate hemophilia 1–5 IU/dL 0.01 0.01–0.05 units/mL
Mild hemophilia Greater than 5 IU/dL 0.01 Greater than 0.05 units/mL
Usual adult levels 60–140 IU/dL 0.01 0.60–1.40 units/mL
Ferritin
Male 20–250 ng/mL 1 20–250 mcg/L
Female 10–150 ng/mL 1 10–150 mcg/L
Fibrin degradation products (FDP) 2–10 mg/L
Fibrinogen 200–400 mg/dL 0.01 2.0–4.0 g/L
Folate (plasma) 3.1–12.4 ng/mL 2.266 7.0–28.1 nmol/L
Folic acid (RBC) 125–600 ng/mL 2.266 283–1360 nmol/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Male 1–7 mIU/mL 1 1–7 IU/L
Female
Follicular phase 1–9 mIU/mL 1 1–9 IU/L
Midcycle 6–26 mIU/mL 1 6–26 IU/L
Luteal phase 1–9 mIU/mL 1 1–9 IU/L
Postmenopausal 30–118 mIU/mL 1 30–118 IU/L
Free thyroxine index (FT4I) 6.5–12.5
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 0–30 IU/L 0.01667 0–0.5 μ kat/L
Gastrin (fasting) 0–130 pg/mL 1 0–130 ng/L
Gentamicin, therapeutic 4–10 mg/L peak 2.09 8.4–21 μ mol/L peak
Less than or equal to 2 mg/L trough Less than or equal to 4.2 μ mol/L trough
Globulin 2.3–3.5 g/dL 10 23–35 g/L
Glucose (fasting, plasma) 65–109 mg/dL 0.0555 3.6–6.00 mmol/L
Glucose, two hour postprandial blood (PPBG) Less than 140 mg/dL 0.0555 Less than 7.8 mmol/L
Granulocyte count 1.8–6.6 × 103/μL 106 1.8–6.6 × 109/L
Growth hormone (fasting)
Male Less than 5 ng/mL 1 Less than 5 mcg/L
Female Less than 10 ng/mL 1 Less than 10 mcg/L
(continued on back inside cover)
 Laboratory Conventional Units Conversion Factor SI Units
Haptoglobin 60–270 mg/dL 0.01 0.6–2.7 g/L
APPENDIX

HBeAg Negative
HbsAg Negative
HBV DNA Negative
Hematocrit
Male 40.7–50.3% 0.01 0.407–0.503
Female 36.1–44.3% 0.01 0.361–0.443
Hemoglobin (blood)
Male 13.8–17.2 g/dL 10 138–172 g/L
Alternate SI: 0.62 8.56–10.67 mmol/L
Female 12.1–15.1 g/dL 10 121–151 g/L
Alternate SI: 0.62 7.5–9.36 mmol/L
Hemoglobin A1c 4.0–6.0% 0.01 0.04–0.06
Heparin
Via protamine titration method 0.2–0.4 mcg/mL
Via anti-factor Xa assay 0.3–0.7 mcg/mL
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Greater than 35 mg/dL 0.0259 Greater than 0.91 mmol/L
Homocysteine 3.3–10.4 μmol/L
Ibuprofen
Therapeutic 10–50 mcg/mL 4.85 49–243 μ mol/L
Toxic 100–700 mcg/mL or more 4.85 485–3395 μ mol/L or more
Imipramine, therapeutic 100–300 ng/mL or mcg/L 3.57 357–1071 nmol/L
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 85–385 mg/dL 0.01 0.85–3.85 g/L
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 565–1765 mg/dL 0.01 5.65–17.65 g/L
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) 53–375 mg/dL 0.01 0.53–3.75 g/L
Insulin (fasting) 2–20 microunits/mL or milliunits/L 7.175 14.35–143.5 pmol/L
International normalized ratio (INR), therapeutic 2.0–3.0 (2.5–3.5 for some indications)
Iron
Male 45–160 mcg/dL 0.179 8.1–31.3 μ mol/L
Female 30–160 mcg/dL 0.179 5.4–31.3 μ mol/L
Iron binding capacity (total) 220–420 mcg/dL 0.179 39.4–75.2 μ mol/L
Iron saturation 15–50% 0.01 0.15–0.50
Lactate (plasma) 0.7–2.1 mEq/L 1 0.7–2.1 mmol/L
6.3–18.9 mg/dL 0.111
Lactate dehydrogenase 100–250 IU/L 0.01667 1.67–4.17 μ kat/L
Lead Less than 25 mcg/dL 0.0483 Less than 1.21 μ mol/L
Leukocyte count 3.8–9.8 × 103/μL 106 3.8–9.8 × 109/L
Lidocaine, therapeutic 1.5–6.0 mcg/mL or mg/L 4.27 6.4–25.6 μ mol/L
Lipase Less than 100 IU/L 0.01667 1.7 μ kat/L
Lithium, therapeutic 0.5–1.25 mEq/L 1 0.5–1.25 mmol/L
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
Desirable Less than 130 mg/dL 0.0259 Less than 3.36 mmol/L
Borderline high risk 130–159 mg/dL 0.0259 3.36–4.11 mmol/L
High risk Greater than or equal to 160 mg/dL 0.0259 Greater than or equal to 4.13 mmol/L
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Male 1–8 milliunits/mL 1 1–8 units/L
Female
Follicular phase 1–12 milliunits/mL 1 1–12 units/L
Midcycle 16–104 milliunits/mL 1 16–104 units/L
Luteal phase 1–12 milliunits/mL 1 1–12 units/L
Postmenopausal 16–66 milliunits/mL 1 16–66 units/L
Lymphocyte count 1.2–3.3 × 103/μL 106 1.2–3.3 × 109/L
Magnesium 1.3–2.2 mEq/L 0.5 0.65–1.10 mmol/L
1.58–2.68 mg/dL 0.411 0.65–1.10 mmol/L
Mean corpuscular volume 80.0–97.6 μm3 1 80.0–97.6 fL
Mononuclear cell count 0.2–0.7 × 103/μL 106 0.2–0.7 × 109/L
Nortriptyline, therapeutic 50–150 ng/mL or mcg/L 3.8 190–570 nmol/L
NT-ProBNP (see Pro-BNP)
Osmolality (serum) 275–300 mOsm/kg 1 275–300 mmol/kg
Osmolality (urine) 250–900 mOsm/kg 1 250–900 mmol/kg
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), intact 10–60 pg/mL or ng/L 0.107 1.1–6.4 pmol/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), N-terminal 8–24 pg/mL or ng/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), C-terminal 50–330 pg/mL or ng/L
Phenobarbital, therapeutic 15–40 mcg/mL or mg/L 4.31 65–172 μ mol/L
Phenytoin, therapeutic 10–20 mcg/mL or mg/L 3.96 40–79 μ mol/L
Phosphate 2.5–4.5 mg/dL 0.323 0.81–1.45 mmol/L
Platelet count 140–440 × 103/μL 106 140–440 × 109/L
Potassium (plasma) 3.3–4.9 mEq/L 1 3.3–4.9 mmol/L
Prealbumin (adult) 19.5–35.8 mg/dL 10 195–358 mg/dL
Primidone, therapeutic 5–12 mcg/mL or mg/L 4.58 23–55 μ mol/L
ProBNP Less than 125 pg/mL or ng/L 0.118 Less than 14.75 pmol/L
Procainamide, therapeutic 4–10 mcg/mL or mg/L 4.23 17–42 μ mol/L
Progesterone
Male 13–97 ng/dL 0.0318 0.4–3.1 nmol/L
Female
Follicular phase 15–70 ng/dL 0.5–2.2 nmol/L
Luteal phase 200–2500 ng/dL 6.4–79.5 nmol/L
Prolactin Less than 20 ng/mL 1 Less than 20 mcg/L
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Less than 4 ng/mL 1 Less than 4 mcg/L
Protein, total 6.0–8.0 g/dL 10 60–80 g/L
Prothrombin time (PT) 10–12 seconds
Quinidine, therapeutic 2–5 mcg/mL or mg/L 3.08 6.2–15.4 μ mol/L
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) Less than 6% in 2 hours
Red blood cell (RBC) count (blood)
Male 4–6.2 × 106/μL 106 4–6.2 × 1012/L
Female 4–6.2 × 106/μL 106 4–6.2 × 1012/L
Pregnant
Trimester 1 4–5 × 106/μL 106 4–5 × 1012/L
Trimester 2 3.2–4.5 × 106/μL 106 3.2–4.5 × 1012/L
Trimester 3 3–4.9 × 106/μL 106 3–4.9 × 1012/L
Post partum 3.2–5 × 106/μL 106 3.2–5 × 106/L
(continued)
 Laboratory Conventional Units Conversion Factor SI Units
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5–14.5% 0.01 0.115–0.145

APPENDIX
Reticulocyte count
Male 0.5–1.5% of total RBC count 0.01 0.005–0.015
Female 0.5–2.5% of total RBC count 0.01 0.005–0.025
Retinol-binding protein (RBP) 2.7–7.6 mg/dL 10 27–76 mg/L
Rheumatoid factor (RF) titer Negative
Salicylate, therapeutic 150–300 mcg/mL or mg/L 0.00724 1.09–2.17 mmol/L
15–30 mg/dL 0.0724
Sodium 135–145 mEq/L 1 135–145 mmol/L
Tacrolimus
Renal transplant 6–12 ng/mL or mcg/L
Liver transplant 4–10 ng/mL or mcg/L
Pancreatic transplant 10–18 ng/mL or mcg/L
Bone marrow transplant 10–20 ng/mL or mcg/L
Testosterone (total)
Men 300–950 ng/dL 0.0347 10.4–33.0 nmol/L
Women 20–80 ng/dL 0.7–2.8 nmol/L
Testosterone (free)
Men 9–30 ng/dL 0.0347 0.31–1.04 nmol/L
Women 0.3–1.9 ng/dL 0.01–0.07 nmol/L
Theophylline
Therapeutic 5–15 mcg/mL or mg/L 5.55 28–83 μ mol/L
Toxic 20 or more mcg/mL or mg/L 5.55 111 or more μ mol/L
Thrombin time 20–24 seconds
Thyroglobulin Less than 42 ng/mL 1 Less than 42 mcg/L
Thyroglobulin antibodies Negative
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 1.2–2.5 mg/dL 10 12–25 mcg/L
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.35–6.20 microunits/ml 1 0.35–6.20 milliunits/L
TSH receptor antibodies (TSH Rab) 0–1 unit/mL
Thyroxine (T4)
Total 4.5–12.0 mcg/dL 12.87 58–155 nmol/L
Free 0.7–1.9 ng/dL 12.87 9.0–24.5 pmol/L
Thyroxine index, free (FT4I) 6.5–12.5
TIBC (See Iron-binding capacity [total])
Tobramycin, therapeutic 4–10 mcg/mL or mg/L peak 2.14 8.6–21.4 μ mol/L
Less than or equal to 2 mcg/mL mg/L trough 2.14 Less than or equal to 4.28 μ mol/L
Transferrin 200–430 mg/dL 0.01 2.0–4.3 g/L
Transferrin saturation 30–50% 0.01 0.30–0.50
Triglycerides (fasting) Less than 160 mg/dL 0.0113 Less than 1.8 mmol/L
Triiodothyronine (T3) 45–132 ng/dL 0.0154 0.91–2.70 nmol/L
Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake 25–35%
Troponin I Less than 0.6 ng/mL 1 Less than 0.6 μ g/L
Uric acid 3–8 mg/dL 59.48 179–476 μ mol/L
Urinalysis (urine)
pH 4.8–8.0
Specific gravity 1.005–1.030
Protein Negative
Glucose Negative
Ketones Negative
RBC 1–2 per low-power field
WBC 3–4 per low-power field
Valproic acid, therapeutic 50–100 mcg/mL or mg/L 6.93 346–693 μ mol/L
Vancomycin, therapeutic trough for CNS infections 20–40 mcg/mL or mg/L peak 0.690 14–28 μ mol/L peak
5–20 mcg/mL or mg/L trough 0.690 3–14 μ mol/L trough
15–20 mcg/mL or mg/L trough 0.690 10–14 μ mol/L trough
Vitamin A (retinol) 30–95 mcg/dL 0.0349 1.05–3.32 μ mol/L
Vitamin B12 180–1000 pg/mL 0.738 133–738 pmol/L
Vitamin D3, 1, 25-dihydroxy 20–76 pg/m 2.4 48–182 pmol/L
Vitamin D3, 25-hydroxy 10–50 ng/mL 2.496 25–125 nmol/L
Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) 0.5–2.0 mg/dL 23.22 12–46 μ mol/L
WBC count 4–10 × 103/μL or 4–10 × 103/mm3 106 4–10 × 109/L
WBC differential (peripheral blood)
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) 50–65%
Bands 0–5%
Eosinophils 0–3%
Basophils 1–3%
Lymphocytes 25–35%
Monocytes 2–6%
WBC differential (bone marrow)
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) 3–11%
Bands 9–15%
Metamyelocytes 9–25%
Myelocytes 8–16%
Promyelocytes 1–8%
Myeloblasts 0–5%
Eosinophils 1–5%
Basophils 0–1%
Lymphocytes 11–23%
Monocytes 0–1%
Zinc 60–150 mcg/dL 0.153 9.2–23.0 μ mol/L

This table is a modification of the Medical Algorithms Project (Chapter 40), unit conversions of the following Excel worksheets: Conversion of Conventional to SI units: Blood Chemistries; Conversion of Conventional to SI units: Urine Chemistries;
Conversion of Conventional to SI units: Hematology and Coagulation; and Conversion of Conventional to SI units: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Available at www.medal.org/ visitor/www%5CInactive% 5Cch40.aspx; accessed November 9, 2005.
Other references (conventional and SI units from the preceding table were verified against the following references):
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Table 296-2, Chapter 296, Normal Laboratory Values. Available at www.merck.com/ mrkshared/mmanual/tables/296tb2h.jsp; accessed November 21, 2005.
Table 1, 2, 3, and 4, normal laboratory values.17 ACP Medicine; 2005; available at http://online.statref.com/UserLogin. aspx?fxid=48& docid=2681&Path=/document.aspx&Product=StatRef&Produc tID=48; accessed November 21, 2005.
Système International (SI) Conversion Table. JAMA 2005; 294(1):119. Available at http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/1/119/ DC6; accessed November 21, 2005.
A–Z Health Guide from WebMD. Medical Tests: Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test. Available at www.webmd.com/hw/heart_disease/ux1072.asp; accessed November 21, 2005.
Green GB, Harris IS, Lin GA, Moylan KC (eds). The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 31st ed. Baltimore, MD, Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. 2004.
Reprinted from Chisholm-Burns MA, Wells BG, Schwinghammer TL, et al. (eds). Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.