CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNSTIONS

THREE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS in the body

 Cells
 Intercellular Substances
 Body Fluids
CELL
- Smallest functional and structural units of the body
- Basic unit of life.

TWO BASIC CELL TYPES

 Eukaryotic Cell
- Cell which has true nucleus and surrounded by a nucleus and surrounded by a nuclear membrane
or nuclear envelope.
 Prokaryotic Cell
- Cell which has no presence of nucleus.
- Lacking of nuclear envelope.
- Nuclear substance is mixed or in direct contact with the rest of the cytoplasm.

PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASM

 Irritability Eu karyote - nucleus
 Contractility True
 Conductivity
 Absorption and Secretion Pro karyote - nucleus
 Excretion False
 Respirations
 Growth and Reproduction

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE CELL

 Cell Membrane
- Trilaminar layer.
- Can only see in plants.
- Membrane lipids, mostly Phospholipids have a Hydrophilic Phosphate which is polar in nature and a
Hydrophobic which is a non-polar end.
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
 Gives shape to the cell
 Delimits or separate the cell from the environment
 Regulates the passage of materials in and out of the call
 Serves as the recognition site acting as antigenic determinants
 Serves as the selective barriers providing for the selection of what enters and leaves the cell
 Selective permeability
 MODIFICATION OF SPECIALIZATION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
1. Junctional Complex - (Taytay Junction )
- Structures that provide for cell attachments.
- One area to another.

TYPES OF JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES

a. Desmosomes – other term “Macula Adherens”
- Points of firm intercellular adhesions.
- Abundant in Stratified Epithelia of the Mouth, Esophagus, Skin and Vagina.
b. Intermediate Junctions – other terms “Zonula Adherens / Fascia Adherens”
- The intercellular space if filled with electron dense amorphous materials.
- It is quite extensive in the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle.
c. Nexus / Gap Junction
- Concerned with cell to cell communication.
- Usually seen in Epithelial, Muscular and Nervous Tissue.
d. Tight Junction – other term “Zonula Occludens”
- Important in the formation of a barrier prevents the free passage of the substances across
the epithelium.
- Commonly found in the Git and Inter-Endothelial contacts of brain tissue as well as capillary.

2. Invaginations
a. Vesicular pits – occur as phagocytic and pinocytic vesicles.
b. Infoldings – greatly increase of the cell surface because of their inward projections.
3. Microvilli
- Non-motile cellular extensions which serves to increase the absorptive surface of cells.
- Fascilitate movements and passage of the substances in between other cells and interstitial
components.

FORMS OF MICROVILLI
a. Striated Borders – D. in the absorptive cells of the Intestinal Epithelium.
b. Brush Borders – FD. In the cells of the Proximal Convoluted Tubules of the KIDNEY.
c. Stereocilia – FD. In the cells of some testicular ducts as in the ductus epididymis and ductus
deferens.
4. Cilia
- Motile projections and characterized by a rapid forward stroke and slow backward stroke.
- Found in the cells lining the upper respiratory tract.

II. CYTOPLASM

 Protoplasm outside the nucleus which contains organelles and inclusions.

 Contains the biochemical components of the cytoplasm.
 Contains Chons, Lipids and CHO
1. Organelles – living substances performing definite or specific functions.
2. Inclusions – inert or non-living substances that do not perform definite function.
EX. Vacuoles, Crystals, Droplets, Lipids, Glycogen, Secretory Granules
 TYPES OF ORGANELLES
1. Membrane Bound Organelles – Mitochondria, ER, Golgi complex, Lysosomes and Microbodies.
2. Non-Membrane Bound Organelles – Ribosomes, Centrioles, Microtubules and Microfilaments.

Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell

- Concerned primarily with the production of energy and are abundant with high metabolic rates.
- Synthesize ATP – energy source of the cell.

ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA

1. Accumulations of calcium
2. Synthesis of nucleic acids and chons
3. Oxidation of fatty acids

Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Chon synthesis
- Complex network of paired membranes, saccules, vacuoles and tubules with flattened cisternae.

Types of ER
1. Rough ER – granular ER because it contains attached ribosomes and concerned with chon
synthesis.
2. Smooth ER – non-granular ER and does not contain ribosomes.

Several Functions of SMOOTH ER

1. In striated muscles, it is concerned with the release and recapture of calcium ions during
contraction and relaxation of muscles.
2. Synthesis of steroid hormones in some endocrine glds.
3. Detoxification of toxic substances especially in the liver.
4. Lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the liver
5. Formation of HCL in the parietal

Golgi complex
- Golgi bodies
- Golgi apparatus other term
- Dictyosomes
- Packaging area of the cell
- Accumulate and concentrate the secretory products of the cell
- Site of sulfation

Consists of Golgi apparatus

a. Saccules
b. Vesicles
c. Vacuoles
 Lysosomes – suicide bag of the cell.
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes called as acid hydrolases which is responsible for the intracellular
digestion.

Enzymes – chemical reaction

- Speeds off hydro late enzyme
-

TYPES OF LYSOSOMES
1. Primary Lysosomes – not engaged in enzymatic activities
2. Secondary Lysosomes – involved in enzymatic activities

FUNCTION OF LYSOSOMES
1. Defense Mechanism – being the site of destruction of foreign bodies. EX. Transplant
2. Participate in the normal replacement of cell components and organelles
3. Its deficiency can cause metachromatic leukodystrophy.

Centrioles
- Center of activities associated with cell division
- Self-duplicating organelles and are prominent in mitotic cell division.

FUNCTIONS OF CENTRIOLES
 Serves as basal bodies and sites of epithelial cilia
 Determine the polarity of the cells

Peroxisomes
- Micro bodies
- Producing hydrogen peroxide
- Abundant in the liver, kidneys, bronchioles and odonthoblast

Filaments
1. Microfilaments – contractile filaments
- Actin and Myosin
2. Intermediate Filaments – cytoskeleton in epithelial tissue
- Known as tonofilaments
- in nervous tissue –
3. Neurofilaments and are seen in axons and dendrites.

Microtubules
Functions:
1. Functional elements of the spindle apparatus in diving cells
2. Form the mitotic spindles along which the chromosomes move
3. Play an important rolein maintaining different cell shape