CELL ORGANELLES

Nucleus
Organelle
- Organelles include both membrane and non-
membrane bound structures that carries out specific
activities necessary to maintain homeostasis within the
cell.
- Some organelles are visible with a light microscope
because they are big enough to be resolved.
THE WORK OF LIFE
- They carry out essential functions that are necessary
for the survival of cells – harvesting energy, making new
proteins, getting rid of waste and so on. Core organelles
include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, and several others. Among the more
important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store
genetic information; mitochondria, which produce
chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble
proteins.
- It is typically the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell.
- It is surrounded by a double membrane called the
nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores.
- The nucleolus is a small, dense region within the
nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced.
Mitochondria
- They are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells.
- They have their own DNA and can reproduce
independently of the cell.
- Mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration,
which is the process by which cells convert food into
energy.
- In nearly all mammals, the mitochondrial genome is
inherited exclusively from the mother.

Types of cell Endoplasmic Reticulum

Eukaryotes - Any cell or organism that possesses a
clearly defined nucleus.
Prokaryotes - Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and
other organelles.
- Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. It is
irregular in shape and is mainly because of the absence
of the cell wall.
- It is a network of membranous tubules and sacs that
extend throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
- Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and is involved
in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid
synthesis and detoxification.

Types of Cell Organelles Golgi Apparatus

Organelles Without Cell Wall, Ribosome, Both in Prokaryotic - It is composed of a series of flattened membranous
Membranes Cytoskeleton and Eukaryotic
Single Vacuole, Lysosome, Eukaryotic only
sacs called cisternae.
membranebound Golgi Apparatus, - The Golgi processes, sorts, and modifies proteins and
Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum lipids for delivery to their final destinations within or
Double Nucleus, Mitochondria, Eukaryotic only
membranebound Chloroplast
outside of the cell.
Organelles

Cell Membrane
- It is also called the plasma membrane that surrounds
every living cell, delimiting the cell from the
environment around it.
- Outside the cell, in the surrounding water-based
environment, are ions, acids, and alkalis that are toxic
to the cell, as well as nutrients that the cell must absorb
in order to live and grow.
Ribosomes
- The primary function of the ribosomes includes
protein synthesis in all living cells that ensure the
survival of the cell.
- Ribosomes are either encompassed within the
endoplasmic reticulum or are freely traced in the cell’s
cytoplasm.
- Ribosomal RNA and Ribosomal proteins are the two
components that together constitute ribosomes.
Lysosomes
- They are membrane-bound organelles that contain
digestive enzyme.
- Lysosomes are involved in the breakdown of large
molecules and cellular waste.
- In addition to digesting waste, lysosomes also play a
role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
- In addition to providing structural support, the
cytoskeleton is also involved in cell division, signaling,
and communication.
Centrosome and Centrioles
- Found only in the animal cells.
- The centrosome organelle is made up of two mutually
perpendicular structures known as centrioles.
- It plays a major role in organizing the microtubule and
cell division.

Vesicles Vacuole

- Membrane-bounded sac that forms naturally during
the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake
(phagocytosis), and transport of materials within the
cytoplasm.
- The origin of the word “vesicle” in in “vesicular”,
which is a latin word thet means “small bladder”.
Peroxisomes
- A membrane-bound, fluid-filled organelle found within
the cytoplasm.
- Provide shape and rigidity to the plant cell and help in
digestion, excretion, and storage of substances.
- Plant cells are known to have bigger vacuoles than
that of animal cells as they need to store food and
water. This is because the plant don’t possess the
ability to move freely like that of animals.

- They are small, membrane-bound organelles that

contain enzymes involved in the breakdown of fatty
acids and amino acids.
- Peroxisomes also play a role in detoxification by
breaking down toxic substances.

Cytoplasm

- Is the gel-like fluid inside the cell.

- It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate
within the cell.
- All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and
replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Cytoskeleton

- It is composed of three types of protein fibers:

microfilaments, filaments, and microtubules.
- The cytoskeleton provides the structural support for
the cell, helps to maintain cell shape, and facilitates cell
movement.