Homeostasis
- An organism’s ability to keep a
constant internal state.
Chemical Energy
- It is stored in the bonds present
in food molecules, and it will be
converted by the cells into more
usable forms.
Responsiveness
- A cell must first be able to
determine the changes that have
taken place before deciding the
necessary responses that will
ultimately result in the
maintenance of normal internal
conditions.
Scientists who contributed to the
development of the cell theory
Zacharias Janssen (1585 - 1632)
- invented the first primitive
microscope
Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703)
- observed cork cells under a
microscope
Francesco Redi (1626 - 1697)
- disproved the spontaneous
generation theory
Spontaneous generation states that
life arose from non-living matter
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -
1723)
- Observed microorganisms by
using his own practical
microscope
Matthias Schleiden (1804 - 1881)
- Proposed that all plants are
composed of cells
Theodor Schwann (1810 - 1882)
- Proposed that all animals are
composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1821 - 1902)
- Proposed that all cells come from
pre-existing cells
3 PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
- Every living organism consists
one or more cells
- The cell is the fundamental unit of
life
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells
- Small in size
- High surface area to volume ratio
The cell has three major divisions:
- Nucleus
- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
- Cell’s primary barrier
- Separates the cytoplasm from
external environment
Each of the Phospolipids consists of the
following:
● Head region
- phosphate group
 - hydrophilic
● Tail region
- two fatty acid chains
- hydrophobic
● two phospholipid layers
- Phosphate heads face
the cytoplasm and the
cell’s exterior
- Fatty acid tails are
sandwiched
The fluid mosaic model describes the
membrane structure
- mosaic of different molecules
such as proteins, sugars, and
cholesterol
- fluidity due to its natural
viscosity
Selective Parmeability
- An important property of the lipid
bilayer, in which it only allows
certain molecules to move into
and out of the cell
Channel proteins
- passageway of certain molecules
Carrier proteins
- change conformation to transport
molecules
Cell recognition proteins
- detect invading pathogens
Receptor proteins
- binding of molecules to trigger
responses
Cytoskeleton
- this consists of a network of
protein fibers that gives the cell
its structural framework
Microtubules
- these consist of helically
arranged globular proteins called
Tubulin
- it radiate from the centrosomes
Microfilaments
- they consist of long fibers of actin
protein, making them the thinnest
cytoskeleton
- they can help change the shape
of the cell
Intermediate Filaments
- helps maintain cell shape
- anchors the nucleus
Cytoplasm
- this is where all different
subcellular structures are
suspended
- it is composed of cytosol, a
semifluid solution that consists of
water and inorganic and organic
molecules
Cell Wall
- a rigid structure that surrounds
the cell membrane
- it helps maintain the shape of
cells and prevent them from
bursting
- most bacteria have cell wall
made up of peptidoglycan
- the cell wall in some fungi
consists of chitin
 - in plant cells, it consists of mesh-
like cellulose fibers
Free Ribosomes
Endosymbiotic theory - found in the cytosol
- the ET states that some of the Bound Ribosomes
organelles in eukaryotic cells - attached to the outside of the ER
were once prokaryotic microbes or nuclear envelope

Organelles of the cell are divided into Two types of ER

three groups:
Rough ER
Genetic control of the cell - have thousands of ribosomes
- nucleus and ribosomes attached to the outer surface
which give this organelle a
Endomembrane system “rough” appearance
- endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, Smooth ER
and vacuoles - does not have attached
ribosomes
Energy houses
- mitochondria and chloroplast Golgi Bodies
- these serve functions similar to a
warehouse and processing
Parts of the nucleus center, processing products of
ER
Nucleoplasm
- the semifluid matrix Lysosomes
- contains active hydrolytic
Nuclear envelope enzymes
- separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm

Nuclear pores Peroxisomes

- permit the passage of ribosomal
subunits and mRNA out of the
nucleus into the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
- are the organelles that use
instructions from the nucleus,
written in mRNA, to build proteins
- contain enzymes and serve as
metabolic assistance to
organelles and specialize in
synthesizing & breaking down
lipids
Vacuoles
 - these serve as storage of water,
organic nutrients, variety of salts,
sugar & more weak acids

Mitochondrion
- the powerhouse of the cell

Chloroplast
- unique to plant and algae cells
- this organelle perform
photosynthesis