IOLOGY REVIEWER THE CELL THEORY

-the study of living organisms, divided into many
specialized fields that cover their morphology,
physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and
distribution.
These observations made by Schleiden,
Schwann, and Virchow form the
Cell Theory which is considered as one of the
basic principles of biology. The theory has
three important tenets:

Robert Hooke
1. All living things are made up of one or
-The cell was first discovered by the English more cells.
scientist Robert Hooke in 1665
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
-described in his book Micrographia (Small function in organisms.
Drawings).
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
-Under a coarse compound microscope, he
observed thin slices of bottle cork and discovered
a multitude of tiny pores which he named as
“cells”.
-Cells, came from the latin word cella, which means
“small room”.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

-observed cells using a microscope with
improved lenses that can magnify objects almost 300-
fold or 270x.

-he saw motile objects and eventually named these

“animalcules”, which are now called
protozoa and other unicellular
organisms like bacteria.
In 1838, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a German
botanist, suggested that plants are made up of cells.

A year after, the German zoologist Theodor

Schwann stated that along with plants, animals are
also composed of cells.

In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, a German physician,

concluded that cells come only from other cells.
 FUNCTIONAL Manufacture,
COMPONENTS OF
EUKARYOTIC CELLS distribute, and
breaks down
molecules
Carries out
Endoplasmic Reticulum,
genetic control of Golgi Apparatus,
cell Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and
Peroxisomes
Nucleus & Ribosomes

Structural
Energy
support,
Processing
movement, and
Mitochondria &
Chloroplasts in plants communication to
other cells.
Cytoskeleton, plasma
membrane, plant cell wall

Cell Fractionation
 - A method to separate
subcellular components, and
isolate organelles and other
subcellular components from
one another
Manufacture,
distribute, and
breaks down
molecules
SMOOTH VS
ROUGH ER
SMOOTH ER
-synthesizes lipids including
oils, phospholipids and steroids
-Metabolizes carbohydrates
-Detoxifies drugs and poisons
-Stores Calcium ions
ROUGH ER
-has bound ribosomes, which
secrete glycoproteins (proteins
covalently bonded to
carbohydrates)
-distributes transport vesicles,
proteins surrounded by
membranes
-a membrane factory for the
cell
GOLGI APPRATUS
-consists of flattened
membranous sacs called
cisternae
FUNCTIONS OF THE GOLGI
APPARATUS:
-modifies the products of ER
-manufactures certain
macromolecules
-sorts and packages materials
into transport vesicles
LYSOSOMES
-digests macromolecules
-works best in the acidic
environment inside the
lysosome
-uses enzymes to recycle the
cell’s own organelles and
macromolecules, a process
called autophagy

VACUOLES
-large vesicles derived from the
endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi apparatus
-holds materials and wastes.
Maintains the proper pressure
within the plant cell to provides
structure and support for
growing plant
PEROXISOME
-involved in metabolic
processes, breaking down of
fatty acids and detoxification of
harmful substances
-contains enzymes that is
involved in lipid metabolism,
particularly oxidation of long-
fatty acids
Energy processing
MITOCHONDRIA
-are the sites of cellular
respiration. A metabolic process
that uses oxygen to generate
ATP (adenosine triphosphate.)
CHOLOROPLAST
-found in plants and algae, are
the site of photosynthesis,
Structural support,
movement, and
communication to other
cells.
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
-is a selective barrier that
regulates the entrance and exit
of materials in the cell
-general structure is a double
layer of phospholipids
-follow the “Fluid Mosaic
Model”
PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER
- The most abundant lipid
- Composed of:
A polar hydrophilic head
(attracted to water)
Pair of nonpolar or
hydrophobic tails (repels water)
 -Heads are facing the outer and
inner environment
-Tails kept between heads
CELL WALL
-extracellular structure that
distinguishes plant cells from animal
cells
-protects the plant cell, maintains its
shape, prevent excessive uptake of
water.
-made up of cellulose fibers
embedded in other polysaccharides
and protein
CYTOSKELETON
-network of fibers extending
throughout the cytoplasm
-organizes the cell’s structures and
activities
-gives the cells it’s shape and help
organize the parts
Carries out genetic
control of cell
NUCLEUS
-the nuclear pores allow exchange
between the nucleus and its
environment
-nucleolus is the inner part of nucleus
which synthesizes rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
RIBOSOMES
-serves as the site of biological
protein synthesis
-carry out protein synthesis in two
locations:
-cytosol (free ribosomes) (NOT ON
THE ER)
-on the outside of the ER or the
nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

Cell Membrane
-porous (has pores)
-allowing oxygen, water,
carbon dioxide, and nutrient to
pass through easily
-bacteria, funginal cell, algae,
plant cell contains cell
membrane
-has a phospholipid bilayer
FUNCTIONS OF A
CELL MEMBRANE
1. Cell membrane separates the
component of a cell from its
environment
2. “GATEKEEPER OF THE
CELL” – regulates the flow
of materials into and out of
the cell – selectively
permeable
3. Cell Signaling- cells may
communicate with other
cells by sending hormones.
Hormones and to
complementary receptors on
the balance, plasma
membrane of the target cell
4. Cell membrane helps
maintain homeostasis for
stable internal balance
5. Cell recognition- Plasma
membrane has structure on
them which allows cells to
be recognized by other cells.
FLUID MOSAIC
MODEL
- Amphiphatic molecules
containing hydrophobic,
hydrophilic molecules
- Membrane is fluid structure
with a mosaic of various
proteins embedded in it
- Fluid ( Allows the cell to
chang its shape)
- Cell membrane (not rigid at
all)
Glycoprotein - Rigid
- Not as Fluid
- Protein with carbohydrate
- May break
attached
Hot Temperature
Glycolipid
- Too Fluid
- Lipid with carbohydrate
- Won’t hold shape
attached

- The STEROID
FLUIDITY OF A CELL CHOLESTEROL has
different effects on membrane
EMMBRANE fluidity at different
temperatures

-as temperatures cool, membranes - At warm temperatures (Such as

switch from fluid to solid state 37 degrees Celsius), cholesterol
contains restrains movements
of phospholipids
-a temperature at which a membrane
solidifies on the types of lipids
- At cool temperatures, it
maintains fluidity by
preventing tight packing
-membranes rich in unsaturated fatty
acids are more fluid than those rich
unsaturated fatty acid

-membranes must be fluid to work

properly, they usually about as fluid
as salad oil

SATURATED FATS: PLANT CELL

UNSATURATED FATS: ANIMAL
CELLS
Cold Temperature
MEMBRANE PROTEIN A. RECEPTOR
- Binds to chemical messengers
AND THEIR such as hormones sent by other
FUNCTIONS cells

MEMBRANE
- Collage of different proteins
embedded in the fluids matrix
of lipid bilayer
B. Enzymes
- Breaks down chemical
messenger and terminates its
effects
- Speeds up the reaction

2 CATEGORIES OF C. Channel
- Protein that constantly opens
PROTEIN and allows solutes to pass into
and out of the cell
1. Peripheral
(Membranes) Protein D. Gated Channel
- Bound to the surface of the - Opens and closes to allow the
membrane solutes to go through on certain
- Only attaches in one layer times

E. Cell identity Markers

2. Integral Protein - A glycoprotein acting as a cell-
- Penetrate the hydrophobic core identity marker distinguishing
- Called transmembrane protein the body’s own cell

TRANSPORT PROTEINS
- Allows the passage of
hydrophilic substances across
the membrane
- Some transport proteins are
called channel proteins, has a
hydrophilic channel that
contains molecules and ions
- Channel proteins are call
aquaporins facilitating the
passage of water
- passive
CARRIER PROTEINS
- Transport proteins called carrier
proteins, bind to molecules to
change shape and shuttle them
across the membrane
- Specific for the substance it
moves
- Active
- Changes their shape to
transport materials
MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE RESULTS
IN SELECTIVE
PERMEABILITY
- Must exchange materials with
its surroundings, a process
controlled by the plasma
membrane
- Selectively permeable,
regulating the cell’s molecular
traffic
PERMEABILITY OF
LIPID BILAYER
HYDROPHOBIC (NON POLAR)
MOLECULES
- Such as hydrocarbons, can
dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane
rapidly
Polar molecules such as sugar does
not pass easily
PASSIVE VS ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Passive transport
- Does not require energy
- Moves from high to low
concentrations
- Includes diffusion, osmosis,
and facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
- Requires energy
- Moves from low to high
concentrations
DIFFUSION
- Movement of small particles
across a selectively permeable
membrane like the cell
membrane equilibrium is
reached
FACTORS THAT
AFFECT DIFFUSION
1. Size
- Small molecules can slip by the
polar heads of the
phospholipids and through the
membrane to the other side
- Very large molecules like
proteins cannot diffuse across
the membrane at cell
SIZE OF THE PROTEIN IS
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE RATE OF DIFFUSION
2. Shape
- Glucose can get into the cell
much faster than the other
sugars
- This is accomplished by
facilitated diffusion. A carrier
protein specific for glucose but
not on other sugars
3. Temperature
- As the temperature increases,
the amount of energy available
for diffusion is increased. This
means that a given particle will
move faster because there is
more energy pushing it at a
high temperature
AS THE TEMPERATURE
GOES HIGH, THE RATE
OF TEMPEREATURE
GOES HIGH EITHER
4. Concentration Difference
- When a substance is diffusing
between two compartments, the
greater the concentration
 difference between the two
compartment, the greater the
rate of diffusion
THE HIGHER THE
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT,
THE HIGHER THE DIFFUSION
RATEA
5. Diffusion distance
- For a particle at a given
temperature, it takes longer for
the particle to diffuse a farther
distance
THE HIGHER THE SURFACE
AREA, THE HIGHER THE RATE
OF DIFFUSION IS
6. Permeability
- If a substance is not permeable
through the membrane, it will
not be able to diffuse through it
THE HIGHER THE NUMBER OF
PORES, THE HIGHER THE
RATE OF DIFFUSION IS
OSMOSIS
- The diffusion of water through
a selectively permeable
membrane
- WATER WOULD GO TO
HIGH CONCETRATION TO
LOWER CONCENTRATION
TONICITY
- The ability of an extracellular
solution to make water move
into or out of a cell by osmosis
- A solutions tonicity is related to
OSMOLARITY
OSMOLARITY
- The total concentration of all
solutes in the solution
- A solution with low osmolarity
has fewer solution particles
LOWER OSMOLARITY, THE
LOWER THE SOLUTE
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
-is the movement of larger molecules
like glucose through the cell
membrane – larger molecules must be
“helped”
- Proteins in the cell membrane
form channels for large
molecules to pass through
- Requires transport proteins
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Requires ATP
- Materials move from low
concentration to high
concentration
- Requires membrane proteins
- Primary and secondary active
transport
- EXAMPLE: SODIUM
POTASSIUM PUMP
HYPERTONIC
- Solution with higher
concentration of solutes
compared to another solution
- Water tends to move out of the
cell leading the cell to shrink
HYPOTONIC
- Solution with lower
concentration of solution is
compared with another
- Water tends to move into the
cell, causing swelling or
bursting
ISOTONIC
- Same/balanced concentrations
of solute
- No net movement of cells
- No change in size
BULK TRANSPORT
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis is
the mechanism by which very
PINOCYTOSIS
large molecules get into and out
of the cell (FOOD AND - Cell drinking
WASTE) - Most common form of
endocytosis
- Takes in dissolved molecules
1. EXOCYTOSIS
- Moving things out
- Molecules are moved out of the PHAGOCYTOSIS
cell by vesicles that fuse with - Used to engulf large particles
the plasma membrane such as food, bacteria.. etc into
- This is how many are secreted vesicles
and how nerve cells - Called cell-eating
communicate with each other - Captures a parasite by
membrane extensions of
immune system cell
2. ENDOCYTOSIS
- Large molecules move
materials into the cells by one
of the three forms of
endocytosis
-RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
-PINOCYTOSIS
-PHAGOCYTOSIS

RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
- Integral proteins have receptors
on their surface to recognize
and take in hormones
- Receptors will capture the
molecules and will recognize if
it fits. After so, it will be
transported by the vesicle