CELL STRUCTURES &

FUNCTIONS
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
CELL – Structural unit and
- Made a simple and
functional unit of life and
single – lens
performs all life processes
microscope
EXAMPLES OF CELL - With magnification
about 275X

ROBERT HOOKE

- DISCOVERED THE CELL

- COINED THE NAME
“CELL”
- USED CORK OF PLANT
- OBSERVED TINY BOXES
THAT LOOK LIKE THE
ROOMS IN
MONASTERY

2 BASIC CELL TYPES

PROKARYOTIC VS
EUKARYOTIC CELL

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

 Also called protoplasm inside of the
cell

Living substance – contains the

organelles that perform all the
physiological properties of the cell

Gel-like Material

- Sol: semi-liquid
3 BASIC PARTS OF THE CELL - Gel: semi-solid

- PLASMA Cytosol
MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM - 70% of the cytoplasm
- NUCLEUS - Mixture of cytoskeleton
filaments, dissolved
CELL MEMBRANE – Also called materials and water
Plasma Membrane separates the cell
from its external environment ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Envelope - System of membranous

tubules and sacs
- Covers and protects the cell
- Gives shape to the cell Circulatory System of the Cell

Bilayer Phospholipid - Internal transport system

- Allows molecules in the cell
- Phosphate layers: polar to move from one part to
heads; hydrophilic another
- Lipid layers: non-polar tails;
Rough ER (rER)
hydrophobic

Semi-permeable - Lined with ribosomes

- For protein synthesis and
- Selects materials that pass transport
through it
- Regulates the movement of Smooth ER (Ser)
materials - No ribosomes
Fluid Mosaic Model - Transports other materials
other than protein
- Contains various materials or
molecules RIBOSOMES
- Phospholipids - Most common organells in
- Cholesterol almost all cells not
- Proteins surrounded by a membrane
CYTOPLASM
Protein Micro-machines
- Sites for protein synthesis
FREE RIBOSOMES
- Floating in the cytoplasm
- Size 70S
- In prokaryotes
Polysome / Polyribosome
- Group of 80s ribosomes
working together translating
mRNA to polypeptides
Attached Ribosomes
- Line the membranes of
endoplasmic reticulum
- Size 80S
- In eukaryotes
MITOCHONDIA
- Powerhouse of the cell
Large organelles second to nucleus and
chloroplasts
ATP MANUFACTURER
- Manufacture energy
In the form of ATP
- Metabolize carbohydrate and
fatty acid to generate energy
SEMI-AUTONOMOUS
ORGANELLES
- Have own DNA, so can
produce by itself by dividing
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
- Mitochondria act like a
digestive system to
breakdown nutrients to
produce energy rich
molecules
DOUBLE-MEMBRANE
ORGANELLES
- Smooth outer membrane
- Folded inner membrane
- Cristae: infoldings
GOLGI APPARATUS
- Also called Golgi complex or
Golgi body processing and
packaging plant, and
secretory vesicle
Cisternae
- Fused flattened sacs or folds
- Also called dictyosome
Transport Agent
- Involved in the distribution
of lipids around the cell
Protein Collector & Dispatcher
- Protein synthesized in the ER
packed into the vesicles and
fused with the Golgi body for
secretion via exocytosis
LYSOSOME BUILDER
- Lysosomes are vesicles with
protein enzymes pinched off
by Golgi body to the
cytoplasm
CENTRIOLES
- Organizing centers for
microtubule contain 2
bundles of microtubules at
right angle to each other
CELL DIVISION
 - Form the spindle fibers for
the separation of
chromosomes
CENTROSOMES
- House the centrioles
LYSOSOME
- Tiny sac produced by Golgi
body
Digestive Plant
- Contains digestive enzyme to
help in the process of
digestion
Suicide Sac
- When the cell is damaged,
the lysosomes bursts,
releases enzyme and digests
own cell
Keeps the cell clean
- Also digest excess and worn-
out organelles and engulfed
bacteria or viruses.
PEROXISOME
- Formerly known as a
microbody
Oxidative Organelle
- Contains enzymes that
oxidizes fatty acids and
amino acids
- By product is hydrogen
peroxide
Chemical Detoxification
- Oversees reactions that
neutralize free radicals which
cause cellular damage and
cell death
VACUOLE
- Storage bubbles found in the
cells membrane bound fluid
sac
Storage Sac
- Stores large amount of
various materials, like
organic and inorganic
molecules
Subordinate Role
- Assisting in exocytosis and
endocytosis
Transporting Agent
- Transports needed materials
into the cell via endocytosis,
and waste materials out of
the cell via exocytosis
CYTOSKELETON
- Complex network of
interlinking filaments or
tubules Cell Skeleton
3 Structures:
1. Microfilaments:
- Contractile: made of actin
- For cell movement and
cytokinesis
2. Microtubules:
- Rigid, hollow tubes: made of
tubulin
- Maintain cell shape
- Form the centrioles (spindle
fibers)
3. Intermediate Filaments
- Provide strength and support
CHLOROPLASTS - Hereditary material: contains
instructions for traits and
- None in animal cells sites of characteristics
photosynthesis
Nucleolus
Thylakoids
- Spherical body in the nucleus
- Flattened membranous sacs for the synthesis of protein
that contain chlorophyll

Grana

- Pile of thylakoids

Stroma

- Spaces in grana for the

exchange of materials

FLAGELLA AND CILIA

- For cell movement

Cilia – short, Hair-like, numerous in

number

Flagella

- Long
- Thread-like
- Fewer in number

NUCLEUS

- Normally the largest

organelle Brain of the cell.

Nuclear Envelope

- Double membrane with

many pores
- Controls the movement of
material in and out the
nucleus.

Chromosomes

- Houses the genes (DNA)