1 HISTOLOGY LAB EUKARYOTIC CELLS

01/31/2021
Histology BLOOD
- Considered as connective tissue but dif f ers f orm
- Study of tissues other connective tissue in the body
- Tissues are composed of cells that work together in - Described as a f luid tissue
order to perf orm a specif ic f unction. - Functions to transport substances (oxygen,
hormones, metabolites)
Types of cells - 3 major f ormed elements
o Red blood cell – most numerous
1. Prokaryotic cells
o White blood cell/leukocuytes -
2. Eukaryotic cells o Platelets
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
- Pro = bef ore - Anucleated (no nucleus)
- karyotic = nucleus - However, rbc contains nucleus during their pre-
- These were the f irst cells mature f orm but will disappears to give room f or
hemoglobin that is f ound in the cytoplasm.
- They were primitive, small, had no def ied nucleus
- Because they lack nucleus, they are only going to
(no nuclear membrane), and no membrane bound
survive over 120 days in the circulation of the body.
cell organelles.
- They had ribosomes to perf orm protein production WHITE BLOOD CELLS
EUKARYOTIC CELLS - Function of the immune response
- Dif f erentiated on the granule content of their
- Eu = true cytoplasm and the shape of their nucleus
- Karyotic = nucleus - 5 dif f erent types:
- These are animal and plant cells o Neutrophils
- They have nucleus and membrane-bound ▪ Band neutrophil
o Eosinophils
organelles.
o Basophils
- Found in multicellular organisms
o Lymphocyte
PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE o Monocyte
Cell membrane Cell membrane
No nucleus Has nucleus PLATELETS
- Smallest f orm element f ound in the bloo d
Ribosomes(cytoplsasm) Ribosomes (cytoplasm &
- No nucleus
RER)
- Are not considered cells
DNA (in cytoplasm) DNA (in nucleus)
- Considered as cytoplasmic f ragments of a very
No membrane bound Has membrane bound large cell that is normally f ound in the bone marrow
organelles organelles
known as the megakaryocyte.
- Function in hemostasis
- Responsible f or arresting bleeding by placing
themselves in the perf oration of blood vessels in
cases of injury.

CELL THEORY
- All living things are made up of cells
- The cell is also the f unctional unit of lif e
- Cytoplasm - All living cells come f rom pre-existing cells = made
- Nucleus possible by cell division (duplicate and give an
- Cell membrane exact copy of the parent cell.

CELL MEMBRANE
- The cell membrane is composed of a bi-layer of
phospholipids with proteins embedded in it.
- Most of the organelles inside the cell also have a
bilayer membrane.
- Has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails,
responsible f or the semipermeable characteristic of
the cell membrane.
- Not all substances can easily pass though the cell
- Certain substances sch as oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and water can easily pass through.
(Blood smear)
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- Some substances would require the use of
channels
- Some channels would also require the use of ATP
in order to allow the passage of substance f rom the
outside towards the internal
Intercellular space = space between
Integral/transmembrane protein
- encompassing the 2 lipid layers
- could act as channels
- f unction as ion channels
Peripheral protein = only f ound in 1 surf ace
- Can be termed as glycoproteins and glycolipids
Ion channels
- Potassium = main intracellular cation
- Sodium = main extracellular cation
- If there is an exchange of potassium and sodium, it
cannot easily pass through the cell. Thus, it would
need ion channels such as sodium potassium
pump and would require ATP.
NUCLEUS
- Dark granule – basophilic property
- Stores genetic inf ormation
- Controls cell activities through protein synthesis
- Controls cell division
- It is the site of DNA replication and transcription
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
genetic material:
1. Dark portions = made up of heterochromatin
(much more compact bcs it has little or no
transcriptional activity)
2. Light portions = Euchromatin (much disperse in
the nucleoplasm bcs it has high transcriptional
activity compared to heterochromatin)
Nuclear membrane has 2 portions:
1. Inner nuclear membrane – Facing the nucleoplasm
2. Outer nuclear membrane – Facing the cytoplasm
and extended to the rough ER
Nuclear membrane has 2 major components:
1. Nuclear pore complex (nucleoporins) – breach the
inner and outer nuclear membrane; act as passage
ways f or small ions and molecules such as RNA
that is going to come out f rom the nucleus to the
cytoplasm aw well as its entry f rom the cytoplasm
towards the internal portion of the nucleus
2. Nuclear lamina – composed of proteins that is
responsible f or the stability of nuclear membrane.
NUCLEOLUS
- Dark stained area in the nucleus
- It is made up of RNA
- It has no membrane
- Found in the center of the nucleus and sometimes
at the sides
- It makes rRNA (ribosomal RNA), which makes
ribosomes
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
- A double layer of cell membrane, which contains
very large pores
- The space between 2 nuclear membrane is known
as the perinuclear space
- Pores allow RNA and proteins in and out of the
nucleus
NUCELOPLASM
- Cytoplasm of the nucleus
- Where the genetic material is suspended
- It supports and suspends the contents of the
nucleus
- 2 types of chromatin present in the nucleoplasm:
o Euchromatin – transcriptional activity
o Heterochromatin – no/little transcriptional
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CYTOPLASM
- A “water gel” that contains mainly water with
dissolved salts, proteins and other organic
compounds.
- Water is the medium f or biochemical processes of
the cell
- If the body is depleted with water supply, there is
less water content leading to shrinkage of the cells
and alter the f unctions of the cell
- It f unctions to support and suspend organelles and
- The amount of specif ic organelles on a particular
to provide water f or all of the cells biochemistry
cell is going to depend on it f unction.
MITOCHONDRIA - If the cell is going to be in constant motion,
theref ore it needs a lot of mitochondria f or ATP
- This is the FURNACE of the cell.
regeneration
- It has a double membrane. Inner membrane is very
f olded o Erythroblast – premature f orm of red blood
cells
o CRISTAE (increased surf ace area).
▪ Many ribosomes (Ribosomes
- Mitochondria have their own DNA.
- Medium f or electron transport responsible f or the production of
globin molecules)
- Mean of generation of ATP
o Eosinophilic leukocyte – f ew ribosomes and
RER bc it produces proteins that is
contained in its granules
o Plasma cell – many RER bc it is an
activated b lymphocyte, responsible f or
proteins (antibodies)
o Pancreatic acinar cell – many RER, going
to produce enzymes
If the proteins are needed by the cell = more Ribosomes
If the proteins are going to be excreted outside the cell =
more RER’

GOLGI APPARTUS/GOLGI COMPLEX

- Discovered by an Italian histologist known as
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Camillo Golgi
- This is an extensive network of internal sheets - These are made up of f lattened saccules of cell
of cell membrane. membrane, which are stacked loosely on top of
- The ER connects the nuclear membrane to the each other.
plasma membrane. It is a transport system. - One side f aces the ER and the other f aces the
plasma membrane.
- 2 types:
- There are usually vesicles at the edges of the
o Rough ER (ribosomes) –
Golgi.
o Smooth ER (devoid of ribosomes) - - Their f unction is to receive, modif y, and temporarily
store proteins and f ats f rom the rough and smooth
RIBOSOMES ER.
- These are small dark granules made of rRNA. - Could be stored in the cell or excreted via
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. exocytosis
- They ensure the correct order of amino acids in the - Folds = cisternae
protein chain.
- Dependent on the codons that is incorporated in
the mRNA
- Responsible f or the transcriptional activity of the
RNA
- Can also be f ound in the cytoplasm
o Clusters
o Singly
o Spirals – known as
polyribosomes/polysomes (large
complexes of ribosomes that is binding on
the same strand of mRNA – f aster
production of proteins coming from the These proteins are packaged into vesicles which pinch off
singles or same strand of mRNA f rom the edges, and are distributed within the cell or shipped
to the cell membrane f or excretion.
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- Exocytosis of substances coming from the internal

portion of the cell is transported by the vesicle as it
fuses with the plasma membrane (possible bcs
1. DNA copies a gene as RNA they have the same molecular content)
2. RNA moves through pore and attaches to ribosome Membrane traf f icking
to make protein - f usion of vesicle and plasma membrane
3. Protein put into RER, then sent to Golgi in a vesicle - ref ers to the recycling of vesicles and plasma
4. Golgi modif ies protein, stores it until needed, and membrane
sends it to PM in a vesicle. During phagocytosis and pinocytosis, a portion of the
5. Protein released at the Plasma Membrane via plasma membrane will be used f or the f ormation vesicles
exocytosis. and will be f used back to the plasma membrane.

VACOULE

-f ound in the cytoplasm of the cell

-Responsible f or the storage of massive amounts of
substances
- If the vacuole is very large, it will no longer exhibit
Cis-face = entrance in golgi the centrally located nucleus to accommodate the
Trans-face = exit amount of substance they are going to store
VESICLES - Nucleus will be situated in the periphery (ex.
Adipocytes)
LYSOSOMES
- These are double membraned vacuoles with
hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes.
- Made by the golgi body.
- They are also known as ‘suicidesacs’.
- Digests pathogens, bacteria, virus, fungi
- The remnants of pathogens will be excreted
outside the cell via exocytosis
- Formed in 2 process
o Coming f rom golgi apparatus (contains
repackaged proteins)
o Coming f rom plasma membrane (made
possible my pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
- These are the storage sacs of the cell.
- Vesicles are smaller and are f ormed by pinocytosis
(cell drinking) – usually made by Golgi body or f rom
inf oldings of the cell membrane.
- They are used to move substances around the cell
that need to be separate f rom the cytoplasm.
- Stores f ood, water, and/or waste
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If the phagocytosis material will be enclosed in a vesicle
known as the phagosome, it will now be f used together with
lysosome, f orming phagolysosome.
(hi naa naman ni sa histo lec hihihi wala na nako gi apil)
CYTOSKELETON
- Gives the cell its shape and f orm
- Anchors and supports the cell organelles.
- Serves as a monorail to transport organelles
around the cell.
- 3 components –
o Microtubules (thicker) – movement
o Microf ilaments/ actin f ilaments – contractile
f unction (constrict the cytoskeleton
producing two cells during cytokinesis
o Intermediate f ilaments – size is in between
microtubules and thin actin f ilament
(stable/stability)
- Composed of fine tubular structures
-
Extensions of the surf aces of the body is supported by the
cytoskeleton.
CILIA & FLAGELLA
- These are hair like projections, which use energy to
produce movement/locomotion.
- Cilia are short and there are many of them. Flagella
are long and f ew.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
- They move as the pairs of tubules slide against
each other.
- Cilia is much more numerous compared to flagella
- Flagella facilitate in the movement or transport of a
particular cell from one place to another. (ex sperm)
- Cilia is for movement of suctances
- Movements is made possible by the sliding of a pair
of microtubules against each other
- Cilia is composed of pairs of microtubules that is
going to f unction together
- 9 pairs of microtubule
CENTRIOLES
- A pair of basal bodies (microtubules) that grow
spindle f ibers
- They attach to and move chromosomes during
mitosis.
- Centrosome is composed of pair centrioles that is
responsible for the production of spindle fibers that
is going to be utilized during the mitotic process
- The spindle fibers are going to attach themselves to
the kinetochore of the sister chromatids to facilitate
their movement during the metaphase
- A centriole is made up of microtubules that are
arranged in triplets