HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY)

o Sagittal Plane – vertical plane passing

longitudinally dividing body into two
unequal equal halves, the left and the
right
o Coronal (frontal) plane – Perpendicular
to the sagittal plane and divides the body
into two unequal halves:
▪ Anterior (front)
▪ Posterior (back)
o Transverse (longitudinal, axial,
horizontal) plane – Divides the body to
produce unequal superior (upper) and
inferior (lower)
- Planes are used to describe sections:

• Stand erect
• Feet flat on the floor
• Palms and face facing forward
• Arms at the side

BODY REGIONS
➢ Head – brain, face with eyes, nose, mouth and
ears
o Longitudinal – lengthwise
➢ Neck – connects head and trunk
o Transverse – cross section
➢ Trunk
o Oblique – diagonal
o Thorax – heart and lungs
o Abdomen – most parts of digestive
system and urinary system
o Pelvic Cavity – with reproductive organs
and distal parts of digestive and urinary
system
➢ Upper Extremities
➢ Lower Extremities

ATOMICAL PLANES
- Four Imaginary Planes that pass through the
body in the anatomical position

1. Superior (cranial) – nearer/towards to the head

➢ Ex: The neck is superior to the chest
2. Inferior (caudal) – nearer/towards the foot
➢ Ex: The abdomen is inferior to the chest
3. Anterior (ventral) – nearer/towards to the front
➢ Ex: The chest bone is anterior to the
heart
4. Posterior (dorsal) – nearer/towards the back
➢ Ex: The heart is posterior to the sternum
o Median Plane – vertical plane passing
5. Medial – nearer/towards to the medial plane
longitudinally dividing body into two
➢ Ex: The index finger is medial to the
equal halves, the left and the right
thumb
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY)

6. Lateral – farther/away from the median plane 7. Supination – rotating the forearm laterally such
➢ Ex: The thumb is medial to the index that the palm faces superiority
finger 8. Pronation – rotating the forearm medially such
7. Proximal – nearer/towards to the trunk or point that the palm faces inferiorly
of origin
➢ Ex: The arm is proximal to the elbow and
the proximal part of stomach is near the
esophagus
8. Distal – farther/away from the trunk or point of 9. Inversion – sole of foot faces or turns medially
origin 10. Eversion – sole of foot faces or turns laterally
➢ Ex: The elbow is distal to the arm and the
distal part of the stomach is near the
duodenum
9. Superficial – nearer/towards to the surface
10. Deep – farther/away from the surface
➢ Ex: Epidermis, Dermis
11. Central – nearer/towards to the center
12. Peripheral – farther/away from the center
13. Parietal – pertaining to the external wall of a 11. Protraction – antero-lateral movement of the
body cavity scapula
14. Visceral – pertaining to the covering of an organ

1. Gliding – bony surfaces of bone slide or glide

over each other

12. Protrusion – jutting out of jaw

2. Flexion – bending movement that decreases the

angle of the joint
3. Extension – movement that increases angle of
the joint
13. Elevation – raise or move a part superiorly
14. Depression – lowering of limb or body inferiorly

4. Abduction – moving away from the longitudinal

axis 15. Opposition – to bring the thumb and index
5. Adduction – moving toward from the fingertips together
longitudinal axis

6. Rotation – turning the bone or limb around its

long axis
16. Circumduction – combination of all movement