HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE)

oRete Testis – connection between testes

and epididymis
- Reproductive Organs become active in puberty ➢ Ductus (Vas) Deferens
- Reproductive Organs:
o Primary Sex Organs (Gonads) – Secretes
Sex cells (Gametes) and Hormones
o Accessory Sex Organs – Supporting
Structures
- Main function of Male/Female Reproductive
System: produce offspring  ampulla

- Fertilized Egg: Zygote  ejaculatory duct

 urethra
 vas deferens

 scrotum

o Runs upward from the epididymis

o Ut also uses peristalsis
o Passes through the following structures:
▪ Inguinal Canal
▪ Pelvic Cavity
▪ Superior Aspect of the Urinary
Bladder
➢ Primary Sex Organ: Testes o Ampulla – terminal point of vas deferens
➢ Accessory Sex Organ(s): Duct System, Accessory o Ejaculatory Duct
Glands, and External Genitalia ➢ Urethra

TESTES

 seminal vesicles

prostate gland →  Prostatic urethra

Bulbourethral gland →  membranous urethra

 spongy urethra

- 4 cm by 2 cm
- Connected to trunk by Spermatic Cord
o Tunica Albuginea (“White Coat”) –
connective tissues that supports testes o From base of urinary bladder to tip of
o Seminiferous Tubules – sperm cell is penis
formed o Regions:
o Interstitial Cells – secreting hormones ▪ Prostatic Urethra
▪ Membranous Urethra
DUCT SYSTEM ▪ Spongy Urethra
➢ Epididymis
o 6m long ACCESSORY GLANDS
o Posterior to the Testes ➢ Seminal Vesicles
o Maturation site of sperm cells o Base of the Urinary Bladder
o Approximately 20 days of maturation o Hollow
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE)

o Simple cuboidal epithelium

o 6 to 7 cm PHYSIOLOGY
o Produces 60% of Seminal Fluid
▪ Thick, yellowish
▪ Contains: Sugar (Fructose),
Vitamin C, and Prostaglandins
➢ Prostate Gland
o “Doughnut-Shaped”
o Inferior to the urinary bladder
o Produces Prostate Fluid
▪ Milky
▪ Activates sperm
➢ Bulbourethral Gland ➢ Spermatogenesis
o “Pea-sized” o Starts at puberty (lifetime)
o Inferior to the prostate gland o Forms at the seminiferous tubules
o Secretes mucus that drains to the o Begins with spermatogonia → sperm
urethra when man is sexually excited cells
o natural lubricant during sexual
intercourse

EXTERNAL GENITALIA
➢ Scrotum
o Sac of skin hanging outside of abdominal
cavity
o Hangs loosely under normal conditions;
provides environment with a
temperature 3°C lower than normal
body temperature
➢ Penis

o Delivers sperm into the female

reproductive tract (vagina)
o Externally: Shaft, Glans Penis (Tip), and
Prepuce (foreskin) ➢ Testosterone Production
o Internally: spongy erectile tissue o Stimulates the development of male
o Penile erection reproductive structures and male
▪ Flacid – penis is not erect secondary sexual characteristics
▪ Helecyne artery
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE)

Hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing
Source
Hypothalamus
Target Tissue
Anterior pituitary
Response
Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH o Infundibulum – funnel shape to hold the
hormone (GnRH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary Interstitial cells in the Stimulates synthesis and secretion fimbrae
(also called Interstitial testes of testosterone
cell-stimulating hormone o Fimbrae – Contain Cilia to create wave-
[ICSH] in males)
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Anterior pituitary Seminiferous tubules
(sustentacular cells)
Supports spermatogenesis like movements that propel the oocyte
Testosterone Interstitial cells in Testes and body Supports spermatogenesis;
the testes tissues stimulates development and
maintenance of reproductive
organs; causes development of
➢ Uterus
Anterior pituitary and
secondary sexual characteristics
Inhibits GnRH, LH. and FSH o Hollow organ
hypothalamus secretion through negative
feedback o Suspended by uterosacral ligaments and
round ligaments
▪ Body
▪ Fundus
▪ Cervix
o Layers of Uterine Wall
▪ Endometrium – epithelial cells,
where the zygote will implant
▪ Myometrium – smooth muscle
(contract)
▪ Perimetrium – visceral layer
➢ Vagina
o Tube-like
o 10cm (4 in)
➢ Primary Sex Organ: Ovaries o Extends from the Cervix to the body
➢ Accessory Sex Organ(s): Duct System (uterine exterior
tubes, uterus, and vagina), External Genitalia, o Passageway of menstrual flow and the
and Perineum (area of external genitalia) delivery of the infant
o Hymen – thin fold of mucosa at the distal
end of the vagina
OVARIES
EXTERNAL GENITALIA

– outer fold skin that has pubic hair

– erectile organ

– entirety of the two labia

– urine will come out

– menstruation and baby

– secretes mucous

– hairless

– whole area

- “Almond-shaped”
- Ovarian Follicles (contain immature egg cell)
- Graafian Follicle/Vesicular Follicle (contain PHYSIOLOGY
mature egg cells) ➢ Oogenesis
- Follicle Cells o Starts at the developing female fetus
- Corpus luteum – helps in developing embryo o Maturation of oocytes happens at
puberty
DUCT SYSTEM o Begins with oogonia → secondary
oocyte
fallopian tubes →
o Oogonia (most immature)
fundus
 infundibulum

 fimbrae
body

cervix

➢ Uterine Tubes
o Fallopian Tubes
o Fertilization Sites
o 10cm (4 in)
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE)

Secretory Phase (Days 15-28)

- Further increase in blood supply of endometrium
- Secretion of nutrients from the endometrial
glands (sustains embryo, if present) until
implantation
- If fertilization occurs, embryo secretes LH like
hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
➢ Hormone Production to further stimulate corpus luteum
o Stimulates the development of female - If Fertilization DOES NOT occur:
reproductive structures and female o Degeneration of the corpus luteum
secondary sexual characteristics towards the end of Secretory Phase
o Aids in maintaining pregnancy and o Decrease of LH
prepares breasts for lactation
PREGNANCY
Hormone Source Target Tissue Response
Gonadotropin- Hypothalamus Anterior Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
releasing hormone pituitary
(GnRH)
Luteinizing Anterior Ovaries Causes follicles to complete maturation and
hormone (LH) pituitary undergo ovulation; causes ovulated follicle to
become the corpus luteum
Follicle-stimulating Anterior Ovaries Causes follicles to begin development
hormone (FSH) pituitary
Prolactin Anterior Mammary Stimulates milk secretion following childbirth
pituitary glands
Estrogen Follicles of Uterus Causes proliferation of endometrial cells
ovaries Mammary Causes development of mammary glands (especially
glands duct systems)
Anterior Has a positive-feedback effect before ovulation,
pituitary and resulting in increased LH and FSH secretion; has a
hypothalamus negative-feedback effect, with progesterone, on the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after ovulation,
resulting in decreased LH and FSH secretion
Other tissues Causes development of secondary sexual
characteristics
Progesterone Corpus luteum Uterus Causes hypertrophy of endometrial cells and
of ovaries secretion of fluid from uterine glands; helps
maintain pregnancy
Mammary Causes development of mammary glands (especially
glands alveoli)
Anterior Has a negative-feedback effect, with estrogen, on - Pregnancy – the time period between the
pituitary and the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after
hypothalamus ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and FSH
secretion
fertilization of an oocyte until birth
Other tissues Causes development of secondary sexual
characteristics
- Gestation – time period between last menstrual
Oxytocin Posterior
pituitary
Uterus and
mammary
Causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle during
intercourse and childbirth; causes contraction of
cycle until birth
glands myoepithelial cells in the breast, resulting in milk
letdown in lactating women - Embryonic Period – From fertilization through
Human chronic placenta Corpus luteum Maintains corpus luteum and increases its rate of
gonadotropin of ovaries progesterone secretion during the first one-third Week 8
(hCG) (first trimester) of pregnancy, increases
testosterone production in testes of male fetuses - Fetal Period – from Week 9 through birth

Fertilization
- Fertilized Oocyte to Zygote
UTERINE CYCLE - When the sperm reaches an ovulated secondary
oocyte
- Sperm take 1-2 hours to travel through female
duct system
- Oocyte Viability – 12-24 hours after it is released
in the ovary
- Sperm Viability – 24-48 hours after ejaculation
inside the vagina
- sexual intercourse should happen not more than
- AKA Menstrual Cycle 2 days before ovulation and not more than 1 day
- Cyclic changes in the endometrium in response after ovulation
Cleavage stage for fertilization to occur
to changing levels of hormones in the blood
- Cyclic production of estrogen and progesterone Produces hCG

regulated by the anterior pituitary gonadotropic

hormones, FSH and LH
- Approximately 28 days

Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5)

- Shedding off (sloughing off) of endometrial lining
from uterine wall
- Detached tissues and blood pass through vagina
(menstrual flow or “period”)
- 50-150 mL of blood
- Day 5: Production of more estrogens in ovaries

Proliferative Phase (Days 6-14)

- Regeneration of endometrium; formation of
glands and increase in blood supply.
- Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this
stage
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LECTURE)

Beginning of the placenta

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
Combination of walls of
Infection Description
endometrium and the zygote
Pelvic inflammatory Bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs; commonly caused by vaginal or uterine
disease (PID) infection by the bacteria that cause gonorrhea or chlamydia; early symptoms include
increased vaginal discharge and pelvic pain; antibiotics are effective; if untreated, can lead
to sterility or be life-threatening
Nongonococcal Inflammation of the urethra that Is not caused by gonorrhea: can be caused by trauma,
urethritis insertion of a nonsterile catheter, or sexual contact usually due to infection with the
bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; may go unnoticed and result in pelvic inflammatory
disease or sterility; antibiotics are effective treatment
Germ layers
Trichomoniasis Caused by Trichomonas, a protozoan commonly found in the vagina of women and in the
urethra of men; results in a greenish-yellow discharge with a foul odor; more common in
women than in men
Gonorrhea Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which attaches to the epithelial cells of
the vagina or male urethra and causes pus to form; pain and discharge from the penis
occur in men; asymptomatic in women in the early stages; can lead to sterility in men and
pelvic inflammatory disease in women
Genital herpes Caused by herpes simplex 2 virus; characterized by lesions on the genitals that progress
into blister like areas, making urination, sitting, and walking painful: antiviral drugs can be
effective
Genital warts Caused by a viral infection; very contagious; warts vary from separate, small growths to
large, cauliflower-like clusters; lesions are not painful, but sexual intercourse with lesions
is; treatments include topical medicines and surgery to remove the lesions
Syphilis Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum; can be spread by sexual contact multiple
disease stages occur; children born to Infected mothers may be developmentally delayed;
antibiotics are effective
Acquired Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which ultimately destroys the
immunodeficiency immune system; transmitted through intimate sexual contact or by allowing infected body
syndrome (AIDS) fluids into the interior of another person

MALE REPRODUCTICE SYSTEM IMBALANCES

➢ Erectile Dysfunction
o Failure to achieve erection
o Also called Impotence
➢ Prostate Cancer
o Manifested with elevated PSA (Prostate
Specific Antigen) levels, esp. for Males
55 y/o and above
o Enlargement of the prostate also a
manifestation
➢ Male Infertility
o Inability or reduced ability to produce
offspring.
o Commonly caused by low sperm count
(less than 20 million sperm cells/ml)
o May be caused by low levels of
hormones (Testosterone, FSH, LH)

FEMALE REPRODUCTICE SYSTEM IMBALANCES

➢ Amenorrhea
o Absence of a menstrual cycle
o Primary Amenorrhea – pituitary gland
defect (no menstruation at beginning of
puberty)
o Secondary Amenorrhea – if a female has
had normal menstrual cycles and later
stops menstruating (may also be
pituitary gland-related)
➢ Breast Cancer
o Commonly involve the epithelium of the
mammary gland
CHILDBIRTH o Mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
- Called Parturition (for 30-40% of inherited cancers)
- Occurs within 15 days of calculated due date o Environmental Factors:
- Labor – the events that expel the infant from ▪ Exposure to ionizing radiation,
the uterus high dietary fat intake and
- Hormones that initiate labor: Oxytocin and obesity
Prostaglandins ➢ Ectopic Pregnancy
- Stages of Labor: o If implantation occurs anywhere other
o Stage 1: Dilation Stage (cervix) than in the uterine cavity
o Stage 2: Expulsion Stage (fetus) ➢ Female Infertility
o Stage 3: Placental Stage (placenta) o Malfunctions of the uterine tubes
o Decreased FSH and LH
o Endometriosis