• Sex cells- gametes
• Reproductive system- reproduce
offspring
• Male gametes- sperm
• Female gametes- ova
• Fertilized egg- zygote
• From embryo to fetus
• Testes- size: 4 cm (1.5 inches) long and
2.5 cm (1inch) wide
• Spermatic cord- connective tissue
sheath that encloses blood vessels,
nerves and ductus deferens
• Tunic albuginea- connective tissue
capsule that surrounds each testis
• Septa- extension of each capsule
• Seminiferous tubules- the actual
sperm-forming factors
• Rete testis- locate one side of the testis
• Interstitial cells- functionally distinct cells
that produce androgens- testosterone
• Duct system
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Urethra
• Epididymis
- highly convoluted tube about 6 cm
(20 feet). Hugs posterior side of
testis. First part of male duct system
- provide temporary storage site of
immature sperm
• ejaculates- shoot forth
• Ductus deferens
- Vas deferens
- Propel live sperm from their storage
sites
• Ampulla- end of ductus deferens that
expands
• Ejaculatory duct
• Vasectomy- birth control that have
small incision into the scrotum and then
cuts through and ties off the ducts of
deferens
• Urethra- terminal part of duct system
(males)
• Prostatic urethra- surrounded by
prostate gland
• Membranous urethra- spanning
distance from prostatic urethra to the
penis
• Spongy (penile) urethra- running
within the length of penis and opening to
body exterior
• Seminal vesicle (paired)
- located at the base of the bladder
- size: 6-7 cm
- produce 60% of seminal fluid
- thick yellowish secretion rich in
fructose
• Prostate(single)
- Single doughnut-shaped gland
- About size of peach pit
- Milky and plays a role in activating
sperm
• Bulbourethral glands(paired)
- Tiny pea-sized glands
- Secretion that is first to pass when
sexual excitement
- Cleanses urethral of trace acidic
urine prior to ejaculation
- Acts as lubricants
• Cystitis- bladder inflammation
• Prostatitis- inflammation of the prostate
• Prostate cancer- 3rd most prevalent
cancer in men
• Semen- milky white somewhat sticky
mixture of sperm and accessory gland
secretions
• Acidic condition- below Ph 6
• Alkalinity of semen- pH 7.2-7.6
• Female’s vagina acidity- pH 3.5-4
• 2-5mL(a teaspoon)- semen propelled
out during ejaculation
• 50-150 million sperm in each millimeter
• Male infertility- inability to conceive a
child
• Semen analysis- test done when
couple has been unable to conceive
• Scrotum- a divided sac of skin with
sparse hairs that hangs outside
• 3 C(5.4F)- a temperature provided by
scrotum for production of healthy sperm
• Penis- deliver sperm into the female
reproductive tract
• Shaft- body of penis
• Glans penis- enlarged tip end of penis
• Prepuce/foreskin- skin covering the
penis that is loose and folds downward
from a sleeve of skin
• Circumcision- foreskin is surgically
removed
• Erectile tissue- spongy tissue that fills
with blood during sexual excitement
• Erection- help penis serve as male
organ of copulation to deliver semen
into female reproductive tract
• Copulation- sexual intercourse
• Spermatogenesis- sperm production
• Spermatogonia- primitive stem cells
• Primary spermatocyte- destined to
undergo meiosis
• Meiosis- special type of nuclear division
that occurs for most part only in gonads.
It results four daughter cells instead of
two
• Spermatids- gametes during
spermatogenesis
• Spermiogenesis- all excess cytoplasm
is sloughed off and what remains is
compacted three regions of mature
sperm
• Acrosome- anterior to the nucleus and
is helmetlike. Produce by Golgi
apparatus and similar to lysosome
• Filaments- form the long tail arise from
proximal centriole in the midpiece
• Mitochondria- wrapped tightly around
these filaments provide ATP
• 64-72 Days: entire process of formation
of primary spermatocyte
• Testosterone- produced by interstitial
cells and most important hormonal
product of testes
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)- activates
the interstitial cells and is released by
anterior pituitary gland
• Secondary sex characteristics- are
features induced in nonreproductive
organs by sex hormones
• Sexual infantilism- secondary sex
characteristics never appear, and other
reproductive organs remain childlike
• Castration- inability of interstitial cells to
produce testosterone
• Sterility- occurs because testosterone
is necessary for final stages of sperm
production
• Ovaries
- primary female reproductive organ
- shape of almonds but twice large
• Ovarian follicles- tiny saclike structures
• Oocyte- immature egg
• Antrum- fluid-filled central region of
follicle
• Vesicular follicle or Graafian follicle-
mature and developing egg ready to be
ejected
• Corpus luteum- ruptured follicle
• Ovulation occurs every 28 days
• Suspensory ligaments- secured the
organs to the lateral walls of pelvis
• Ovarian ligaments- anchor organs to
the uterus medially
• Uterine tubes
- Also called fallopian tube
- Receive ovulated oocyte and
provide site where fertilization occur
- About 10 cm (4 inches)
• Infundibulum- distal end of each
uterine tube expands as funnel-shaped
• Fimbriae- fingerlike projections that
partially surround ovary
• 3-4 days: journey to uterus
• Most 24 hours- viability of oocyte
• Gonorrhea- a sexually transmitted
bacteria sometimes infect peritoneal
cavity
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-
can cause scarring and closure of the
narrow uterine tubes
• Uterus
- a hollow organ that functions to
receive, retain and nourish fertilized
egg
- about the size and shape of a pear
• Major parts of uterus
✓ Fundus
✓ Body
✓ Cervix
• Body- major portion of uterus
• Fundus- rounded region superior to the
entrance of the uterine tubes
• Cervix- narrow outlet that protruded
inferiorly
• Endometrium- inner layer of uterus
• Myometrium- bulky middle layer of
uterus. It is composed of bundles of
smooth muscles
• Perimetrium(visceral peritoneum)-
outermost layer of uterus
• Implantation- fertilized egg burrows into
the endometrium
• Menstruation- endometrial lining
sloughs off periodically usually about
every 28 days
• Cervical cancer- common among
women ages 30-50
• HPV (human papillomavirus)
infection- major cause of cervical
cancer
• Pap smear- diagnostic test for detecting
slow-growing cancer
• Gardasil: a 3-dose vaccine that
provides protection for most common
types of HPV induced cervical cancer
• Vagina- thin-walled tube to 10 cm (3-4
inches long. Often called birth canal. It
provides passageway for delivery of
infant and for menstrual flow
• Hymen- very vascular that it bleeds
when ruptured during first sexual
intercourse
• Mons pubis- a fatty rounded area
overlying pubic symphysis
• Labia majora- two elongated hair-
covered skin folds
• Labia minora- two delicate hair-free
folds
• Vestibule- contains external openings
of urethra
• Clitoris- small protruding structure that
corresponds to male penis. It is sensible
erectile tissue that swollen with blood
• Greater vestibular glands- pair of
mucus-producing glands that flank
vagina. Lubricates distal end of vagina
during intercourse
• Perineum- the diamond-shaped region
between anterior end of labial folds
• Oogenesis- a process where ova or
gametes are produced
• Oogonia- female stem cell
• Primary oocytes- daughter cells
• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)-
stimulate small number of follicles to
grow and mature each month
• There is only ONE ovulation event
PER MONTH
• Fewer than 500 ova out of potential
300,000 are released during lifetime
• Larger cell- secondary oocyte
• Very tiny cell- polar body
• Corona radiata- follicle-cell capsule that
surrounds secondary oocyte
• Mittelschmerz (middle pain)- pain in
the lower abdomen when ovulation
occurs. Caused by intense stretching of
ovarian wall during ovulation
• Meiosis in females yield only one
functional ovum and three tiny polar
bodies
• Estrogens- produced by follicle cells of
growing and mature follicles . It causes
the appearance of secondary sex
characteristic of young woman
• Sperm: tiny and equipped with tails and
locomotion
• Egg: large and nonmotile cell
• Progesterone
- second ovarian hormone
- Produced by glandular corpus
luteum
- It helps to maintain the pregnancy
and prepare breast for milk
production
• Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)-
series of cyclic changes that the
endometrium (mucosa of the uterus)
goes thru each month as it responds to
changing blood levels of ovarian
hormones
• Both ovarian and uterine cycles are
about 28 days long
• Ovulation typically occurs midway
• 3 Menstrual cycle Phases
✓ Day 1-5: Menstrual phase
✓ Day 6-14: Proliferative phase
✓ Day 15-28: Secretory phase
• Menstrual phase- functional layer of
endometrial lining is sloughing off and
detached tissues and blood pass
through vagina as menstrual flow
• 3-5DAYS: duration of period
• 50-150mL (1/4 to ½ cup)- blood loss
during menstrual period
• Proliferative phase: rising level of
estrogen and regeneration of functional
layers. Endometrium becomes velvety,
thick and well vascularized again
• 14-15 days: time from ovulation to the
beginning of menses
• Mammary glands(modified sweat
glands)- produce milk to nourish a
newborn baby
• Areola- pigmented are of center of each
breast
• Nipple- central protruding
• Alveolar glands- produce milk when
woman is lactating
• Lactiferous ducts- open to the outside
of the nipple
• Lactiferous sinus- where milk
accumulates during nursing
• Breast cancer- hereditary defects and
could be from dangerous mutations.
Symptoms: change in skin texture,
puckering and leakage from the nipple
• Mammography- x-ray examination that
detects breast cancer (less than 1 cm)
• Pregnancy- refers to events that occur
form the time fertilization (conception)
until birth
• Conceptus- pregnant woman’s
developing offspring
• Gestation period (to carry)- extends
by convention from last menstrual
period until birth. Approx 280 days
• Fertilization- Week 8(embryonic
period) : Embryo
• Week 9 through birth (fetal period):
Fetus
• 1-2 hours for the sperm to complete the
journey up to female duct system
• Acrosomal reaction- acrosome
membranes breakdown releasing
enzymes that digest holes in the
surrounding oocyte membrane
• Fertilization- occurs at the moment the
genetic material of a sperm combines
with that of an ovum to form fertilized
egg or zygote
• Cleavage-rapid mitotic-cell divisions
forming first two cells then four
• Morula- tiny ball of 16 cells that looks
like a microscopic raspberry
• Blastocyst- a ball-like structure
• Human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG)- an LH hormone that prods
corpus luteum of ovary to continue
producing its hormones
• Trophoblast- form the large fluid-filled
sphere
• Inner cell mass- a small cluster of cells
on one side
• Day 7 of ovulation, blastocyst attached
to the endometrium
• Ectoderm- which will become nervous
system and epidermis of skin
• Endoderm- forms mucosae and
associated glands
• Mesoderm- will become everything else
• Day 14: Implantation is done
• Chorionic villi- elaborate projections that
combine with the tissues of mother’s
uterus to form placenta
• Amnion- fluid-filled sac and is attached
to the placenta by umbilical cord
• Umbilical cord- a blood vessel-
containing stalk of tissue
• 8th week of embryonic development
all groundwork has been completed
• 55 cm or 22 inches: total body length at
birth
• Approximately 270 days after
fertilization, the fetus is said to be “full-
termed”
• Relaxin- a placental production that
causes pelvic ligaments and pubic
symphysis to relax, widen, and become
more flexible
• 300 additional calories- daily to sustain
proper fetal growth
• Miscarriage- natural termination of
pregnancy
• Abortion- medical termination of
pregnancy
• GI System;
✓ Morning sickness
✓ Heartburn
✓ Constipation
• Urinary system;
✓ Urination becomes frequent
• Parturition- childbirth, is the culmination
of pregnancy
• Labor- series of events that expel the
infant from uterus
• Baraxton Hicks- a weak, irregular
uterine contractions that have cause
many to go hospital but told to go home
due to FALSE LABOR
• Oxytocin and Prostaglandins-
hormones that stimulate more frequent
and powerful contractions. Needed to
initiate labor
• Stages of Labor:
✓ Dilation stage
✓ Expulsion stage
✓ Placental stage
• Appearance of true contractions where
cervix is fully dilated by baby’s head
(about 10 cm)
• Water breaking- when amnion raptures
and amniotic fluid flows out
• Dilation stage- is the longest stage in
laboring and usually last for 6-12 hours
• Expulsion stage- the period from full
dilation to delivery of the infant. Last for
2 hours
• Placental stage- delivery of placenta
(15 minutes done)
• Vertex position- head-first presentation
of the baby
• Breech position- buttock- first
presentation. Sometimes require
forceps or vacuum extractor
• Dystocia- oxygen delivery to the infant
is inadequate leading to fetal brain
damage
• C-section (cesarian section)- delivery
of infant through the surgical incision
made through abdominal and uterine
walls
• Afterbirth- placenta and its attached
fetal membranes
• Pseudohermaphrodites- individuals
with external genitalia that don’t match
their gonads
• True hermaphrodites- rare individuals
who possess both ovarian and testicular
tissues
• XO female appear normal but lacks
ovaries
• YO males die during development
• Phimosis- a narrowing of the foreskin of
the penis and misplaced urethral
openings
• Cryptorchidism- failure of testes to
make their normal descent
• Puberty- the period of life, ages
between 10-15 years when reproductive
 organs grow to their adult size and
become functional
• Escherichia coli- spread from digestive
tract
• Sexually transmitted microorganism;
• Yeast- type of fungus
• Common inflammatory conditions in
men; Urethritis, prostatitis,
epididymitis
• Orchitis- inflammation of the testes
• Menopause- ending childbearing ability.
Ages 46-54
• Hot flashes- intense vasodilation of
skin’s blood vessels
• HRT estrogen-containing hormone
therapy
• Andropause- steady decline in
testosterone secretion and a longer
latent period after orgasm