Glans- Urethral opening, where fluids come
Enhanced Notes
By Fernii O. Cagigas
Reproductive System:
Mitosis- Cell division that occurs in
non-reproductive system
Meiosis- cell division that occurs in
reproductive cells
Mitosis - 46 to 46 and 46
Meiosis- 46 to 46 and 46 to 23 and 23
Diploid- parent chromosomes
Haploid- half number of chromosomes
Male Reproductive System
External- Scrotum, Penis
Scrotum- pouch of skin suspended in the
perineal area and divided into sections,
each containing one testicle and epididymis.
Perineal area- divides part of the anus and
sex organs.
Scrotum contracts when cold
Scrotum hangs when warm
Sperm Cells has to be 97 Farenheit to be
still viable and healthy
Penis
- external reproductive organ. Urethra
passes through the penis and allows urine
and semen to exit the body.
Erect- blood flows through it
Circumcision- to prevent infection
out
Shaft- body of the penis
● Corpora Cavernosa/ Corpus
Cavernosum- fills the blood to make
erection.
● Corpus Spongiosum- holds urethra
when having an erection
Urethra-
● A tube which allows urine and
semen to exit the body.
● Connects to the bladder
Testes- oval-shaped testes are located in
the scrotum and each divided into 250
lobules.
Lobules-
➢ Seminiferous tubules - where sperm
cells are made.
➢ Sertoli cells- a type of somatic cell
around which spermatids develop in
the tubules of the testis.
Epididymis- the mature sperm are stored in
the epididymis, lying on the side of each
testicle.
● Head- stores sperm for maturation
● Body- connects head to the tail
● Tail- continuous with the deferent
duct
Sperm-
Head-
● Acrosome- holds the digestive
enzymes to break through the walls
of the egg cell.
● Nucleus

Midpiece-
Centrioles- essential in forming the sperm
tail and linking it with the head.
Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
Tail-
Flagellum- provides a whip-like movement
in order to propel it forwards.(Flagellum
spins)
Testes→Sperm→Epididymis→
Vas deferens→ Seminal Vesicles
→Ejaculatory duct→Prostate gland
→Urethra→Expulsion from body
Prostate- closes of the pathway to the
bladder
Sertoli is stimulated by FSH-develops
gametes
Leydig is stimulated by LH-
develops/produces testosterone

Sperms carry either an X/female or Y/male Spermatogonia→Mitosis→Primary

chromosomes, since all ovaries carry spermatocyte→Meiosis→Secondary
X/female chromosomes the male sperm Spermatids→Acrosome appears→sperm
does influence the baby’s sex. break out to epididymis

Abnormal sperms- die earlier Female Reproductive System

Vas deferens- muscular tubes transporting External

sperm from the epididymis from the seminal ● Vulva
vesicles. Internal
● Fallopian Tube
Prostate Gland- produces an alkaline fluid ● Ovaries
that neutralizes the acids in the female ● Uterus
reproductive system. ● Cervix
● Vagina
Seminal Vesicles- Produces sugar-rich
fluid that sperm cells use for energy. INTERNAL

Cowper’s gland- produces another Uterus-

mucous-alkaline fluid that neutralizes traces ● hollow , muscular, pear shaped
of acid in the urethra. organ about the size of a woman's
clenched fist.
Semen = Sperm + Fluids Functions:
1. Menstruation- sheds
Structure lining(endometrium)
2. Pregnancy
Sperm Pathway 3. Labor- helps push and contractsàa
Fallopian Tube
● 4-6 inches long
● Egg released from the ovary is
captured by the fimbriae and brought
into the fallopian tube
Ovaries-oval-shaped about the size of a
large olive, and be close to the fimbria at the
aend of the fallopian tube.
● Contains follicles
● 300-500 eggs are ovulated in
woman’s lifetime
● One egg per month
Ovulation- release of the ovum/egg
Active Egg cells
Most people after 2 years their breasts
develop
Lasts 51 age(mostly)
Corpus luteum- produces progesterone in
fertilization
FSH- stimulates follicles
● Estrogen- acts on the uterus which
makes it thicken
● Tells the uterus to send electrical
messages to the hypothalamus to
produce
GNRH(Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone) so that the pituitary will
release LH.
LH- ruptured follicle→corpus luteum
● Corpus luteum produces
progesterone
● Progesterone causes the uterus to
further prepare for pregnancy.
Phases
Follicular Phase- stimulates follicles phase
Ovulation-follicle releases egg
Luteal Phase- Corpus Luteum produces
progesterone
Prostaglandin- contraction in
uterus(cramps)
Follicular-
● 14 days
● Menstruation
● FSH rises
● 3-30 stimulated at the same time
Ovulatory-
● Shortest phase 16-32 hrs
● LH rises
● Egg cell ruptured follicle →
testosterone
Luteal-
● 14 days
● Corpus luteum→progesterone rises
and falls
Progesterone has a negative-feedback
effect on GnRH and LH.
Estrogen has a positive-feedback effect on
GnRH and LH.
Insulin rises → More Androgens
PCOS(Polycystic OvarySyndrome)-common
hormone problem for women
High Pulse Frequency GNRH → PCOS
Theca Cells- produce androgens
Vagina- extends from cervix to outside of
the body. 3 ½ inch long muscular tube that Perineum- space between sex organ and
expand in length and width during sexual anus
arousal.
Episiotomy - an incision on perineum
Menarche- Menopause
Breasts-
● Nipple
Cervix- 10cm(labor) end of the uterus. ● Areola

Vagina- Colostrum- contains nutrients and the

● Menstruation mothers immunities that can protect body
● Labor
● Production Fertilization/Conception- When an egg
unites with a sperm

EXTERNAL
Egg Cell
Vulva and Breasts
1. Mons pubis Numbers range from Higher to Lower(Outer
2. Labia Majora to Inner)
3. Labia Minora
4. Vestibule 4.Corona Radiata
5. Clitoris 3. Zona pellucida
2.cytoplasm
Mons Pubis- pubic hair 1.nucleus

Labia Majora- folds of skin in vulva

Fraternal Twins- genetically identical( when
Labia Minora- folds of skin in vulva woman produces 2 egg cells)

Ampullary-isthmic junction-is located

Vestibule- 2 openings
● (1)Vaginal Orifice-opening to the
vagina
● (2)Urethral Orifice- where urine
exits the body
● Bartholine glands- release fluid
that lubricates the vulva.
● Hymen- tissue that covers the
vagina
Clitoris- hardens when aroused and
triggers bartholin glands
roughly halfway between the ovary and the
uterus. Is where fertilization takes place.
● Zygote- egg and sperm
● Blastocyst- 5-6 days fertilization
● Embryo- is an initial stage of
development of a multicellular
organism
● Fetus-an offspring of a human or
other mammal in the stages of
prenatal development that follow the
embryo stage.
 Amniotic sac- filled with baby’s urine(5
months) and amniotic fluid.

Umbilical cord- waste filtered in umbilical

cord
Blastocyst- 5-6 days fertilization –
● Placenta One Egg cell- divides, splits when
● Amniotic sac blastocyst which makes twins.
● Umbilical cord
● Baby
STD- Sexually Transmitted Disease
Embryo- 3 weeks
Aids(Acquired Immunodefficiency
Fetus- 9 to 12 weeks syndrome)- body weakens

9-months upside down Abortion

● Illegal in some countries
Cephalic delivery-when baby’s head is ● 3 types are:
towards the cervix on child birth ● Vacuum
● Cutting
Breach- baby’s feet go out first ● Surgical
● Salt
Cervix-10 cm→ Amniotic Sac Burst Open Ectopic Pregnancy-
● Internal bleeding can kill.
Blue Baby- Baby strangled by his own ● If diagnosed early, zygote will be
umbilical cord removed and die.

Cesarean or C-section- when cutting

open tummy and womb to get baby out.

Placenta is sometimes eaten as a

belief(???)

Stem Cells- can turn into any kind of cell or

can be developed into any type of cell.
Comes from placenta.

Corpus Luteum- provides energy to the

blastocyst

Placenta- nourishes baby through mothers

umbilical cord