REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Describe the parts of the reproductive system and their functions
• Explain the role of hormones in the female and male reproductive systems
• Discuss the phases of the menstrual cycle

• Trace the growth and development of the zygote during the nine months of
pregnancy
• Discuss some diseases/disorders of the reproductive system

2
WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE PARTS OF
THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM?
 THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

4
5
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PART FUNCTION

It is a tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body, which
URETHRA
carries urine and semen.

It is a coiled J-shaped tube located on the back of each testicle. It stores

EPIDIDYMIS
the sperm after they have been produced.

It is a tube that receives sperm from the epididymis of each

VAS DEFERENS
testicle.

It is a soft, tubular organ that hangs in front of the body. It contains

PENIS erectile tissue that makes it larger and stiffer due to increase flow of blood
during ejaculation.

6
7
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PART FUNCTION

The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate.

PROSTATE
Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm.

The prostate and the seminal vesicles produce fluid that nourishes the
SEMINAL VESICLE sperm. This fluid provides most of the volume of semen, the fluid in
which the sperm is expelled during ejaculation.

It is made up of coiled tubules in which the sperm are produced.

TESTES
Produces testosterone for the production of sperm.

It is a pouch of skin that hangs behind the penis, houses the testes and
SCROTUM protects the sperm by keeping the temperature of the testes slightly lower
than the normal body temperature in order for the sperm to survive

8
9
 THE MALE ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER

ORGAN FUNCTION

It transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries

VAS DEFERENS urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for
ejaculation.

SEMINAL VESICLE Produces a thick fluid that nourishes the sperm.

It is a tube that is lined with muscles. When it contracts, it

EJACULATORY DUCT
forces the semen out of the body during ejaculation.

10
 “
A sperm cell is produced by the testes. It fertilizes the
egg to become a mature ovum. Males produce millions
of minute sperm cells.

11
 THE SPERM CELL

▸ It is found in the semen.

Prostate gland &

Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicle

▸ The semen will be transported into the urethra and

out of the penis.

12
 THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

14
15
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
PART FUNCTION

They secrete hormones called estrogen and progesterone to

OVARIES produce mature egg cells. The egg matures when the female
reaches puberty.

They contain the egg until fertilization takes place and to

FALLOPIAN TUBE provide a passageway leading the sperm to the egg and the
fertilized egg to the uterus.

UTERUS/WOMB The fertilized egg develops and grow into a baby here.

16
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
PART FUNCTION

It is a narrow structure that connects the lower end of the uterus

CERVIX
to the upper portion of the vagina.

VAGINA/BIRTH The wall is elastic, which allows it to expand during childbirth

CANAL and sexual intercourse.

The external genitalia that includes mons veneris, labia minora,

VULVA
labia majora, clitoris and vaginal orifice.

17
 Role of hormones in the reproductive system

▸ The hormones of the reproductive system carry a specific role

during puberty, ovulation, pregnancy and development.
▸ The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which controls the
reproductive glands.
▸ The pituitary gland will produce two hormones responsible for
reproduction: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

19
 Role of hormones in the reproductive system

▸ LH of the male sends signals in the testes to produce testosterone

with FSH to control the production of sperm and the growth of
facial hair.

▸ In females, LH and FSH stimulate the ovaries to produce

estrogen and progesterone which is responsible to produce
mature egg cells

20
 HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GLAND HORMONES FUNCTION

Regulates the development of the male sex organs in the embryo.

TESTES TESTORSTERONE It also controls the sex drive and secondary sex characteristics at
puberty

ESTROGEN It controls sex drive and regulates the development of female secondary sex
characteristics at puberty
OVARIES
It controls the development of endometrium during menstrual cycle and
PROGESTERONE maintenance of uterus during pregnancy.

PROLACTIN
It stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands.
LUTEINIZING
In females, it stimulates ovulation, maturation of egg cells and
PITUITARY HORMONE
progesterone production.
FOLLICLE-
STIMULATING
In males, it stimulates sperm and testosterone production
HOROMONE
21
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

▸ It is defined as the monthly shedding of blood from the lining of

the uterus.
▸ Females begin to menstruate between the ages 11 and 15.
▸ It begins when an egg matures or ripens in one of the ovaries
▸ At the same time, the endometrium (lining of the uterus) starts to
thicken for possible pregnancy.

22
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

▸ The mature egg is released from the ovary

▸ The lining of the uterus continuously thickens until it is ready to
receive the fertilize egg
▸ If pregnancy does not successfully happen, the endometrium
breaks down and is discharged from the body
▸ Menstrual period/menstruation is the discharge of blood and
tissue.

23
 Menstrual cycle
PHASE EVENTS DURATION (DAYS)

FOLLICULAR During menstruation, the

PHASE 1-14
endometrium breaks down.

The follicle matures and rebuilds the 6-10

endometrium.
OVULATION
Secondary oocyte is released from the ovary. 14

LUTEAL PHASE Endometrium thickens and develops. 15-28

24
 The hormones during menstrual cycle

▸ Day 1-14: FSH stimulates the egg to mature inside of the ovaries
When the egg starts to develop, it secretes estrogen;
endometrium thickens
▸ Day 14: level of LH starts to rise, ovulation occurs
The ovary releases the egg and travels to the fallopian tube
It will take 7 days for the egg to travel into the fallopian tube to
the uterus
▸ The production of progesterone increases as the egg reaches the uterus
▸ It maintains the growth of the endometrium
▸ If not fertilized, progesterone and estrogen levels drop

26
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Trace the growth and development of the zygote during the nine months of
pregnancy
• Discuss some diseases/disorders of the reproductive system

27
Process of fertilization and
embryo development

28
 1. FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
▸ Fertilization- the union of sperm
cell and egg cell
▸ Zygote- fertilized egg
○ Travels to oviduct to get
nutrients from maternal
secretions
○ It will undergo cell division,
which then form into
cleavages.
○ Morula- solid group of cells
○ Blastocyst- contains inner cell
mass
29
 1. FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
▸ Trophoblast- secretes chorionic
gonadotropin- helps maintain the
corpus luteum to grow and secrete
estrogen and progesterone
▸ Implantation- once the blastocyst
adhere itself to the uterine lining
▸ Embryo- blastocyst has been
implanted

30
1. FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT

31
 2. The embryo
▸ It is the initial development stage
of humans after fertilization.
▸ Placenta- bond that holds the
embryo to the wall of the uterus;
source of oxygen and food from
the mother
▸ Umbilical cord- a cord between
the placenta and embryo; the
embryo’s lifeline

32
 2. The embryo

▸ Amniotic sac- a sac of thin

sheet of tissue where the
developing embryo is found
○ Amniotic fluid- serves as
a shock absorber and
helps the embryo to
maintain its temperature

33
 3. The FETUS

▸ After two months, the

embryo is about 1.2 inches
long and has a recognizable
human form and is now
called a fetus.

34
35
DISEASES OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

36
 DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FOUR COMMON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

COMMON TRANSMISSIO
USUAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
STDs N

Females: painful urination, abnormal discharge

Sexual contact from the vagina, bleeding between menstrual
periods, abdominal pain
1. Newborns:
Treated with antibiotics.
CHLAMYDIA passage through Males: usual watery discharge from penis, painful
infected birth urination
canal
Newborns: eye and lung infection

Contact with blisters

or with viruses shed Both: Cluster of tender, painful blisters, Avoid sexual activity when
by an infected person swollen glands, fever, achy feeling blisters are present or when
2. GENITAL with no blisters
apparent viruses are being shed
HERPES
Newborns: varies from mild symptoms to
Newborns: infected brain damage and death There is no cure
birth canal
37
 DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FOUR COMMON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

COMMON TRANSMISSIO
USUAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
STDs N

Females: discharge from vagina or birth

Sexual contact canal
3.
GONORRHEA
Newborns: Males: abnormal pus discharge from penis, Treated with antibiotics
infected birth painful urination
canal
Newborns: eye infection

First stage: painless sore that goes away after

Sexual contact
about 1-5 weeks
Congenital
Second stage: body rash, hair loss, flu-like
4. SYPHILIS symptoms, swollen glands
Treated with antibiotics
Newborns:
infected birth
Newborns: damaged skin, bones, eyes, teeth and
canal
liver
38
OTHER DISEASES OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

39
 OTHER DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DISEASE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

EPIDIDYMITIS
Inflammation of the epididymis
• Pain in the testes • Enough bed rest
• Redness or swelling of • Antibiotics
the scrotum • Need to wear athletic
• Hardness or soreness in supporter for several
the affected testicle
• Groin pain, chills, fever
weeks
• Increased pain in the • Hot bath
testes
• Discharge from the penis
• Blood in the semen

40
 OTHER DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DISEASE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

PROSTATE CANCER
Cancer cells grow in the prostate
• No obvious signs and
symptoms • Surgery and hormonal
• Early stage is detected
through a digital rectal exam therapy
• Frequent urination • Radiation therapy and
• Gets up often during the chemotherapy
night to urinate
• Pain or discomfort while
urinating
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Back pain

41
 OTHER DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DISEASE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

• Inability to conceive • Structural or hormonal

MALE INFERTILITY
• Baldness abnormalities must be
Produces low amount of sperm cells
It is caused by an inherited condition corrected; accomplished
like chromosomal abnormalities through medications or
surgery
• Assisted Reproductive
Treatment (ART) to enhance
the productivity of semen

42
 OTHER DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DISEASE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

CERVICAL CANCER
Cancer cells grow in the cervix
• Bleeding between regular
menstrual periods • Surgery
• The menstrual bleeding is
heavier or lasts longer than • Radiation therapy
usual • Chemotherapy
• Bleeding after sexual • Biological therapy
intercourse
• Bleeding after a pelvic
examination
• Increased vaginal discharge
• Pain after sexual intercourse

43
 COMMON DISORDERS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

44
COMMON DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DISORDER SYMPTOMS

DYSMENORRHEA Characterized by severe pain during menstruation

AMENORRHEA Abnormal absence of menstruation

OLIGOMENORRH
EA
Abnormal and infrequent menstrual period

Unable to reproduce offspring. In females, the fallopian tubes are

STERILITY
blocked, which can cause the failure of the ovaries to produce eggs.

VAGINITIS A vaginal infection or irritation. Burning sensation during urination

45