Female

Reproduction
PHYSILOGY
By:
Alfiah Hayati
The function of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Two essential organs of reproduction are located within the
head of the animal.

The hypothalamus controls:

Body temperature, and the drive to eat and drink are just a few
functions.
It sends and receives neural signals through the nervous
system and hormonal messages through the endocrine system.

The pituitary gland, sits at the base of the brain.

The pituitary is divided into two regions: the anterior and
posterior pituitaries.
 The female reproductive organs
*ovary
*uterus
*cervix
*vagina
*vulva
Female reproductive tracts of various animals are similar, but
differ primarily in the shape of the uterus and cervix.
The female reproductive organs
Ovaries

The ovary, is responsible

for two basic
functions:
1. Production of the egg
or ovum.
2. Production of two
primary reproductive
hormones, estrogen
and progesterone.
Struktur Ovarium

Primary oocyte

Primary follicle

Proliferating primary

Secondary follicle
 Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male testicle
and is the site of gamete production.
 A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per
ovary, while a human female has 400,000
potential eggs per ovary.
 Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not
continuously produced as in the male.
 All species contain two functional ovaries
The ovaries have three major functions:
 Gamete production
 Secrete estrogen (hormone)
• absence of muscle development
• development of mammary glands
• development of reproductive systems and external
genitalia
• fat deposition on hips and stomach (source of energy)
• triggering of heat
 Form the corpus luteum
 Infundibulum - the funnel shaped portion of the fallopian
tube near the ovary that catches the ovulated egg.

 Fallopian Tubes (or Oviducts) - pair of small tubes

leading from the ovaries to the horns of the uterus (5 - 6
inches).
 Fertilization occurs in the oviduct.

 Egg travels from ovary to uterine horn in 3 - 4 days.

Oviduct
The oviduct begins as a funnel-shaped tube that engulfs the ovary. When
ovulation occurs, the ovum is picked up by the infundibulum and channeled
into the oviduct (also known as the Fallopian tube), where fertilization takes
place if sperm are present.
Transport sperm to site of fertilization
Functions Reduce sperm numbers to prevent polyspermy
Remove oocyte from surface of ovary
Transport oocyte to site of fertilization
Provide proper environment for oocyte, sperm & fertilization

Transport & facilitate development of early embryo

Uterus
The fertilized embryo moves from the oviduct into the uterine, where fetal
development begins. The fetus grows within a layer of membranes called
the placenta, where it is nourished.

Transport sperm - when female is in heat

 Muscle contractions
Sperm motility
Absorption and phagocytosis
Functions Partially prepares sperm for fertilization
Provides environment for embryo
Supports development of fetus
At birth expels fetus
Recovers from pregnancy
Makes the corpus luteum regress
 
Cervix
The cervix has annular rings. It has thick walls that allow a passageway for
sperm at mating and expulsion of the fetus at the time of birth.

During pregnancy, the cervix is filled with a thick mucus secretion known as
the cervical plug, which protects the uterus from infections entering from
the vagina.

Transport sperm
Long strands of mucus
Functions Stallion & Boar ejaculate through the cervix
Barrier to sperm  
Reservior for sperm  
Blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy  
Birth Canal

Vagina
 The semen is deposited in the vagina near the cervix during natural mating
 The external opening of the vagina is called the vulva.
 Steps in the female reproductive process:

1. Ovulation
— Produce gamete (ova or ovum)
— Release of egg(s)
— Infundibulum pushes the ovum into the fallopian tube

2. Estrus (heat, estrous period)

 Period of time when a female will accept a male in
copulation
 The female must stand (standing heat) to be
mounted before the reproductive process can begin
3. Gestation
— Fertilization to parturition
— Develop embryo in uterus

4. Parturition
— Expel fully developed young at birth

5. Lactation
— Milk production
OVULATION

*the release of an ovum by the ovary; is the most important

event of the fertile cycle
*The ovulatory mechanism also produces the two
ovarian hormones, oestradiol and progesterone.

*Oestradiol is produced alone by the developing follicle

before ovulation
*it stimulates the glands of the cervix to secrete a particular
type of mucus ("mucus with fertile characteristics") which is
essential for the sperm to pass through the cervix and reach
the ovum.
*Oestradiol also stimulates growth of the endometrium
lining the uterus.

*After ovulation, progesterone and oestradiol are produced by

the corpus luteum which forms from the ruptured (broke)
follicle.

*This progesterone causes the change in the mucus after

ovulation and the Peak symptom. Progesterone also prepares
the oestrogen-primed endometrium for implantation of the
fertilized ovum.
MENSTRUATION
Estrous Cycle
 The ovarian changes during
a typical 21-deay estrous
cycle in which pregnancy
does not occur.
 The development and
regression of the corpus
luteum and of the follicles
are continuous processes
 T his cycle of egg
development is called the
estrous cycle
 Two prominent structures
are present within the
ovary, the follicle and
corpora lutea
 Hormones
 Estrogen
 Prepares the pre-pubertal heifer and post-partum for cyclic sexual activity.

 Progesterone, secreted by the corpora lutea, suppresses the further

development of follicles and the secretion of estrogen. High levels of
progesterone and low levels of estrogen prevent from coming into heat.
Progesterone is necessary for preparing the uterus to receive the fertilized
egg and maintains the proper uterine environment for continuation of
pregnancy.

 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteninizing hormone (LH) are

secreted & travel through the blood to the ovary.

 FSH and LH are mediated by gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

coming from the hypothalamus to signal their release from the pituitary.

 FSH stimulates the growth, development and function of the follicle, while LH
cause the follicle to rupture during ovulation and causes the subsequent
development of the corpus luteum.
 Fertilization
 When the sperm from a male reaches the
egg from a female
 Two cells join to form a complete cell
 Pairs of chromosomes are formed again
 Many different combinations of traits are
formed
Fertilization
Gametes

In animals, sexual reproduction encompasses the fusion of two distinct

gametes to form a zygote. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division
called meiosis. The gametes are haploid (containing only one set of
chromosomes) while the zygote is diploid (containing two sets of
chromosomes). In most cases, the male gamete, called the spermatozoan, is
relatively motile and usually has a flagellum. On the other hand, the female
gamete, called the ovum, is nonmotile and relatively large in comparison to
the male gamete.

Human Ovum(Egg) and Sperm

PEMALU
MALAS
CERDAS
SEMANGAT
SUKSES
TERIMA KASIH