Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reproductive
Physiology
Submitted to :Dr. Adeeb Babar
Submitted by :Mudassar akram F21-MPHIL-ZOOL- 5016
Shahzad Naseem F21-MPHIL-ZOOL- 5046
Topic Outline
Parts of Male Reproductive Tract
Parts of Female Reproductive Tract
Reproductive Cycle in Mammals
Reproductive Pattern in Mammals
Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system contains several interconnected parts that must all work together in
order to have a successful mating.
Some of the major organs of the male reproductive system are :
Testicles
Epididymis
Scrotum
Vas Deferens
Urethra
Accessory Sex Glands
Seminal Vesicles
Male Reproductive System Cont…
Prostate Gland
Cowper's Gland
Penis
Sigmoid flexure
Male Reproductive system
Testicles
The testicles produces sperm, the
male sex cells also called the
spermatozoa.
They also produce a hormone called
testosterone which causes the
appearance and the behavior of the
animal to be masculine.
Like males the female mammals has a complex system of organs that make
up the reproductive tract. Some of the major organs of the female
reproductive tract are following.
Ovary
Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Bladder
Vulva
Clitoris
Ovary
The ovary produces female gamete .a typical female mammal has two ovaries. The
ovaries also produces female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Within each ovary, there are hundreds of tiny follicles or cavities. The ova are produces
in the follicles.
Oviducts
The oviduct or the fallopian tube are the two tubes that carry the ova from the ovaries
to the uterus. The oviducts are close but not attached to the ovaries.
The funnel shaped end of each oviduct that is close to the ovary is called the
infundibulum, At ovulation, the follicle raptures and releases an ovum that is captured
by the infundibulum.
After copulation sperm move through te uterus to the oviduct. Fertilization of the
ovum occurs in the upper end of the oviduct. The zygote or the fertilized egg cell
moves to the uterus about 2-4 days after fertilization.
Uterus
The uterus of mammal is Y shaped structure consisting of the body, two
uterine horns and the cervix.
The size and shape of the uterus varies among species. The upper part of
the uterus consist of two uterine horns that develop into the oviduct.in most
species pregnancy normally occurs in the uterine horns. In horses pregnancy
occurs in the body of the uterus .in all species, fetus grow within the uterus
where it remains till the parturition or birth.
Cervix
It is the lower outlet of the uterus. It is compose of primarily of connective
tissue that gateway between the uterus and vagina.
Like the rest of the reproductive tract, the cervix is lined with mucosal cells .
These cells make significant changes as the animal goes from one estrous
cycle to another and during gestation or pregnancy.
Vagina
The vagina severs as the female organ of copulation at mating and as the birth canal
at birth.It is the passage between the cervix and the vulva. The lining is moist during
the estrous cycle and dry during animal is not in estrous cycle.
Bladder
The bladder collects the liquid water which is called urine. The urine passes through
the urethra to the vagina.
Vulva
The vulva is the external opening of the reproductive and urinary system. The exterior
and the visible part of the vulva consist of Two folds called the Labia Majora and the
Labia Minora are the main two folds inside the Labia Majora.
Clitoris
The clitoris is the sensory erectile organ of the female is located just inside the vulva.
Stimulation of the clitoris causes contractions that move semen further into the
reproductive tract.
Mammalian Reproductive Cycles
Estrous Cycle
The estrous cycle represents the cyclical pattern of ovarian activity that
facilitates female animals to go from a period of reproductive receptivity
to non-receptivity ultimately allowing the establishment of pregnancy
following mating.
The normal duration of an estrous cycle in cattle is 18–24 days. The cycle
consists of two discrete phases: the luteal phase (14–18 days; met-estrus
and di-estrus) and the follicular phase (4–6 days; pro-estrus and estrus).
The luteal phase is the period following ovulation when the corpus luteum (CL)
is formed, while the follicular phase is the period following the demise of the
corpus luteum (luteolysis) until ovulation.
Estrous Cycle
During the follicular phase final maturation and ovulation of the ovulatory
follicle occurs which leads to the release of an oocyte (the female gamete)
into the oviduct allowing the potential for fertilization.
If fertilization and implantation do not occur, a phase termed
metestrus ensues, in which the reproductive tract assumes its
normal condition. Metestrus may be followed by anestrus, a
nonreproductive period characterized by quiescence or involution of
the reproductive tract.
On the other hand, anestrus may be followed by a brief quiescent
period (diestrus) and another preparatory proestrus phase.
Mammals that breed only once a year are termed monestrous and
exhibit a long anestrus.
Those that breed more than once a year are termed polyestrous. In
many polyestrous species the estrous cycle ceases during gestation
and lactation (milk production), but some rodents have a postpartum
estrus and mate immediately after giving birth.
Menstrual Cycle
The reproduction of marsupials differs from that of placentals in that the uterine wall is not
specialized for the implantation of embryos. The period of intrauterine development varies
from about 8 to 40 days. After this period the young migrate through the vagina to attach to
the teats for further development. The pouch, or marsupium, is variously structured. Many
species, such as kangaroos and opossums, have a single well-developed pouch; in some