Science
 Male Reproductive System
o Functions:
- To produce sperm (spermatogenesis),
- To produce hormones to control the
development of secondary sex
characteristics
o Parts:
 testes or testicles – male sex glands or
reproductive organs; secrete hormone
 Seminiferous tubules – produce sperm
cells or spermatozoa
 Epididymis – a temporary storage place of
sperms, located along the sides of the
testes
 Testosterone - male sex hormone which
controls the development of secondary sex
characteristics, making a man feel and look
like a man
 Vas deferens – receive sperms from
epididymis and carries them up, and
delivers them into the urethra
 Seminal vesicle – a gland that produces
part of the seminal secretion; a side pouch
near the urethra;
 Scrotum – a bag or pouch for testes; has
involuntary muscle fibers as part of the skin
 Prostate gland – produces a thin, watery,
alkaline secretion that mixes with sperm
cells and other secretion to form the semen
- Prostatic secretion makes the sperm
cells start to swim vigorously
 Cowper’s gland/Bulbourethral gland –
located together with the prostate gland
near the upper end of the male urethra
 Penis – mass of erectile tissue,
surrounded by a fibrous case arranged in
three columns; ordinarily hangs down in
front of the scrotum
 Foreskin or prepuce – covers the
sensitive head of the penis often so long
and tight
o Parts of Spermcells
 Consists of four major parts
- Head (flattened oval shaped)
- Neck
- Connecting piece
- Tail
 Flagellum – organelle that makes sperm
movement possible; has mitochondria to
transform energy
 Acrosome – capsule located at the head
of sperm; filled with special dissolving
enzymes
 Sertoli cells - supports and nourish the
immature sperm cells by giving them
nutrients and blood products.
o Sperm Production
 Spermatogonia – sperm producing
cells found in the tubule walls
 Sertoli cells
 Leydig cells – found in the tubule;
produce male hormones.
 Epididymis -is a tightly coiled mass
of thin tubes that carries sperm from
the testes to the ductus deferens in
the male reproductive system.
o Sperm Transportation
 Vas deferens
 Ejaculatory duct - is created when
the seminal vesicle's duct merges
with the vas deferens.
 Seminal vesicle
 Prostate gland
 Urethra - travels through the penis
and also carries semen.
 Cowper’s gland/Bulbourethral
gland
 Penis
 Female Reproductive System
o Functions
- To produce egg (oogenesis),
- To receive sperm and provide a place
where fertilization of the egg by the sperm
can take place
- To provide for the development of the
embryo, and
- To produce hormones to control the
development of secondary sex
characteristics
o Parts
 Follicle – Ovarian cell
 Fallopian tube/ Oviduct/ Uterine Tube -
 Uterus (womb) - Placed where the fertilized
ovum is implanted
 Cervix – Opening of the uterus
 Vagina – The channel leading to the uterus
to the external opening of the genital canal
- Hymen – soft ring of tissue which narrows
the lower part of the vagina; stretched or
torn during the first sexual experience
 Vulva - The external parts of the female
genitalia
 Mamary gland (Breast) – Produces milk
- Nipple
- Areola
o The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles –
Hormonal Functions
 Hormones – coordinate the
development of ovum and the uterus
 Follicle – formed when a mass of
ovarian cells released an ovum or
egg
 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
- stimulates follicle maturation and
estrogen production
- estrogen – stimulates egg to ripen
 Corpus luteum –produces a
hormone called progesterone
 LH (Luteinizing hormone) –
controls the yellow body formation of
follicles
 Progesterone – causes breast
enlargement during pregnancy;
maintains the growth of the mucus
lining of the uterus
 Menstruation - The breakdown and
discharge of the soft uterine tissues and the
unfertilized egg.
 Menarche - The first menstrual
discharge of blood from the vagina
- Most obvious signal of the onset of
puberty in females
- Signals the beginning of the cyclic
changes in the ovary
o Cycle
 Blood Flow – 1 to 5 day
 Follicular – 6 to 13 day
 Ovulation – 14 day
 Luteal – 15 to 28 day
o Human fertilization and Development
- Fertilization – the union of gametes
or the fusion of the egg cell nucleus
and the sperm cell nucleus
- External fertilization – sperm cells
and egg cells are shed by their
donors in a surrounding medium
where they unite
- Internal fertilization – occurs in a
female reproductive tract
- Syngamy fertilization – merging
process of sperm’s and egg’s
nucleus
 Sexual Reproduction
- Male and female parents both
release their sex cells (gametes)
which join together to produce a cell
called a zygote, it grows into an
embryo and then in an independent
new organism
 Fertalization of the egg
- Egg – enclosed by a layer called
corona radiata
- Zona pellucida – another barrier of
an egg which composed mainly of
jelly-like substances
 Ovulation - the process of generating the
egg cell, takes place between the tenth and
the sixteenth day of the average menstrual
cycle
 Embryo – any developing organism whose
body form has not yet acquired the
characteristics that make it recognizable as
a member of a particular animal species;
last for 6 weeks
o Significant stages during embryonic
development
 Blastula – a development of the
embryo
 Gastrula – an early stage of
embryonic development during
which the second germ layer is
formed
 Embryonic Membranes
o Extraembryonic membrane – a membrane
forms around the mass of dividing cells
o Chorion – produces enzymes to enable the
villi to sink into the uterine membrane
o Amnion – contain fluid that protects the
developing embryo from mechanical injury
and keeps its moist
o Placenta – serves to transport food and
waste materials between the mother and
the developing young
o Umbilical cord – connects embryo to the
placenta
o Navel – the scar that marks the location of
the umbilical cord
 Growth of germ layers
 Ectoderm - Inner ear, cochlea, skin,
hair, nails, nervous system, tooth
enamel, inner lining of nose and
mouth
 Mesoderm - Skeleton, muscles
(cardiac, smooth, skeletal), excretory
system and reproductive structures,
blood vessels and blood
 Endoderm - Lining of the digestive
system, lining of the respiratory tract,
liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid
 Fatal Development (per month)
1. By the end of the first month, the embryo
is about 1/10 of an inch long. The heart,
which is no larger than a poppy seed,
has begun beating
 2. The embryo is about 1 inch long and has
distinct, slightly webbed fingers. Veins are
clearly visible. The heart has divided into
right and left chambers.
3. By now the fetus is 2 1/2 to 3 inches long
and is fully formed. He has begun
swallowing and kicking. All organs and
muscles have formed and are beginning
to function.
4. Your baby is covered with a layer of thick,
downy hair called lanugo. His heartbeat
can be heard clearly. This is when you
may feel your baby's first kick.
5. A protective coating called vernix
caseosa begins to form on baby's skin.
By the end of this month, your baby will be
nearly 8 inches long and weigh almost a
pound.
6. Eyebrows and eyelids are visible. Your
baby's lungs are filled with amniotic fluid,
and he has started breathing motions. If
you talk or sing, he can hear you.
7. By the end of the seventh month, your
baby weighs about 3 1/2 pounds and is
about 12 inches long. His body is well-
formed. Fingernails cover his fingertips
8. Your baby is gaining about half a pound
per week, and layers of fat are piling on.
He has probably turned head-down in
preparation for birth. He weighs between
4 and 6 pounds.
9. Your baby is a hefty 6 to 9 pounds and
measures between 19 and 22 inches. As
he becomes more crowded, you may feel
him move around less.
 Diseases of the Reproductive System
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) - are
infections passed or transmitted from person to
person through sexual contact or intercourse.
o Chlamydia - caused by bacteria
called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can
infect both men and women. Women
can get chlamydia in the cervix,
rectum, or throat. Men can get
chlamydia in the urethra (inside the
penis), rectum, or throat.
o Genital Herpes - causes herpetic
sores, which are painful blisters
(fluid-filled bumps) that can break
open and ooze fluid.
o Gonorrhea - an infection caused by
a Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
that can infect both males and
females. Gonorrhea most often
affects the urethra, rectum or throat.
In females, gonorrhea can also
infect the cervix.
o Syphilis - a common bacterial
infection that’s spread through sex.
Syphilis is easily cured with antibiotic
medicine, but it can cause
permanent damage if you don’t get
treated.
o Epididmitis – Inflammation of the
epididymis
o Prostate Cancer - A disease in
which cancer cells grow in the
prostate
o Male Infertility – produces no
sperm cell; caused by an inherited
condition like chromosomal
abnormalities
o Cervical Cancer – Cancer cells
grow on the cervix
o Dysmenorrhea – severe pain during
menstruation
o Amenorrhea – Abnormal absence
of menstruation
o Oligomenorrhea – Abnormal and
infrequent period
o Sterility – unable to produce
offspring
o Vaginitis – A vaginal infection or
irritation
 Dangers from Unregulated application of
certain technological advances
 In vitro fertilization - a medical
procedure whereby an egg is
fertilized by sperm in a test tube or
elsewhere outside the body.
 Artificial Insemination and
Surrogate Montherhood - the
injection of semen into the vagina or
uterus other than by sexual
intercourse
- a woman who bears a child on
behalf of another woman, either from
her own egg fertilized by the other
woman's partner, or from the
implantation in her uterus of a
fertilized egg from the other woman.
 Cloning - replicate (a fragment of
DNA placed in an organism) so that
there is enough to analyze or use in
protein production.
English
 Essay Writing
o Essay - is a literary composition devoted to
the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on
a topic and generally addressing a particular
aspect of the subject.
o Forms of Essay
 The Formal Essay – is a reflection
of life in a rather serious tone. Its
tone, language, and subject matter
are extremely formal. The writer’s
purpose is to explain, to persuade,
and to instruct.
 The Informal Essay –also known as
the familiar essay, does not dwell on
serious or scholarly ideas because
its subjects are the interesting and
unique thoughts of writers. It’s
usually playful or conversational.
o Types of Essay
 Narrative Essay - A narrative essay
tells a story.
- It can be either fictional or real-life.
- The more “real” it is for you, the
better you will tell it. (Sometimes our
imaginations are more real to us
than our daily lives.)
 Descriptive Essay - A descriptive
essay paints a picture with words.
- It appeals to the senses: sight,
hearing, taste, touch and smell.
- It can also appeal to emotions.
- Explain something: to give an
account of something by giving
details of its characteristics.
 Illustration Essay - In an illustration
essay, you give examples of your
topic.
- Examples are very helpful to readers
who may be unfamiliar with your
subject.
- Something that helps to explain
something: an example or
comparison that helps to clarify or
explain something
 Process Analysis Essay - Process
Analysis is a “how to do it” essay.
- You show in words how to get
something done: what the steps are
from beginning to end.
- Finally, you tell what you will have
when the process is finished.

Definition Essay - A definition
essay gives the meaning of a word,
term or concept.
- The denotation of a word is its
dictionary definition.
- The connotation of a word is its
informal or slang meaning in daily
usage.
 Persuasive Essay - you are writing
to get your audience to accept your
point of view and think like you do.
 Essay Format
Thesis Introduction
Statement
Body
Conclusion
o Introduction
- Try to capture the reader’s attention.
- Introduction Format
- Attention getter
- State your problem
- Bridge or transition sentences
- Thesis statement (always at the
end)
 Make a bridge to connect the
attention getting sentence(s) to your
thesis statement
 Common way to make a bridge is to
explain why the topic is important.
 This bridge is often a few sentences
long.
 Conclude introductory paragraph
with the most important idea of the
essay-THE THESIS STATEMENT
o Thesis Statement
- Topic: To announce the topic to the
reader
- Opinion: To reflect a judgement
about the topic
- 3 reasons: To provide the reader
with a blueprint of what is to come in
the paper
o Body - a set of paragraphs that develop the - Should follow logically from the body
idea expressed in the thesis statement. of the essay
- Make a list of main ideas that - Restate your thesis statement in
support the thesis statement. Each different words
main idea becomes the main idea - You might want to have your reader
sentence for a body paragraph. do something after reading (“call to
- Arrange the main ideas in logical action” – Example: Go write your
order (time, place, importance) Senator about this problem.)
- Plan out each body paragraph by -
listing major details that support
each main idea.
- Order the details within each
paragraph in a logical way. Each
body paragraph may end with a
concluding sentence
o The Writing Stage
 After planning and arranging your main
ideas and major details, begin writing
your body paragraphs.
 The number of paragraphs depends on
the topic’s complexity, inclusiveness,
and your purpose for writing.
 Usually a short essay contains 3 to 5
body paragraphs, plus an introduction
and conclusion
 Remember to use signal words to
make smooth transitions between
sentences and paragraphs.
o Signal/ Transition Words
 For examples: For example, for
instance, to illustrate
 For organization or chronological
order: The six steps are…, next,
finally first, secondly, third
 For additional points: Furthermore,
in addition, also, moreover
 For opposing ideas: On the other
hand, in contrast, although, however
 For similar ideas: Likewise, similarly,
in comparison
 For exceptions: However,
nevertheless, but, yet, still
 For emphasis: Above all, finally,
more importantly
 For understanding: In other words, in
essence, briefly
 For summarizing: In conclusion, to
sum up, for these reasons, in a
nutshell
o Conclusion
- Leave the reader thinking about your
topic. Leave an impression on them!
- No new information in conclusion
- Be sure to recap your ideas