Science

The Female Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System

 Menarch/Menarchy – first menstruation  Nocturnal Emission – first release of

sperm cells (male gametes)
 Vulva
internal structures:
- protects sexual organs, urinary
opening, vestibule and vagina.  Vas deferens
 Ovary - long, muscular tube that travels
- site of oogenesis from the epididymis
- production of egg cells/ovum  Ejaculatory Ducts
(female gametes) - formed by the fusion of vas
 Fimbriae deferens and seminal vesicles
- picks up the ovum from the  Seminal Vesicles
ovary - produce a sugar-rich fluid
 Fallopian Tube (fructose)
- passage from ovary to uterus  Prostate Gland
 Endometrium - doughnut-shaped below urinary
- nourishes the embryo; sheds bladder infront of the rectum
during menstruation - help to nourish the sperm
 Uterus  Bulbourethal glands/Cowper’s Gland
- site of egg implantation; embryo - pea-sized structures on the sides
development of urethra below prostate gland
 Cervix
external structures:
- muscular opening of the uterus
 Vagina  Scrotum
- entrance of the penis; birth canal - protects homeostasis (state of
balance) balance the
ovaries
temperature of testicles
females have 2 ovaries; which alternate each  Penis
month to produce an egg/ovum - sensory part of male
- responsible for the transfer of
ovaries contain 400,000 egg cells but only 400
sperm cell
actually mature between the ages of 12-50
 Shaft
Pathway of the sperm - flaccide muscle
 Glans
1. vagina
- urethral opening
2. cervix
- exit point of urine or sperm cell
3. uterus
 Foreskin / Prepuse
4. fallopian tube
- cutting during circumcision
 Testicle
- vital organ
 Epididymis
- where sperms store for
masturbation
Hormones

Female Male

Estrogen
- involved in the development of
the secondary sex characteristics
in females.
- responsible for female sex
characteristics
Progesterone
- works with estrogen to prepare
the endometrium for
implantation of a fertilized egg
Testosterone
- involved in the development of
the secondary sex characteristics
in males.
Pituitary gland (master gland) produces:
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
- responsible for the release of
eggs by the ovaries
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
- production of testosterone

Quiz Questions:
What do you call the form of male birth control
The structure between the uterus and vagina is that cuts the supply of sperm to your semen?
called cervix.
- Vasectomy
Sperm maturation occurs in the epididymis.
The cell produced by fertilization is called
zygote.
Endocrine System is the group of glands that
work together with the nervous system to
coordinate all body functions.
Hormone is released by the endocrine system.
Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to
maintain a balanced state in order to stay
healthy.
Testes is the male gonads.
Ovaries is the female gonads.
Lack of growth hormone is the result of
dwarfism.
Too much growth hormone is the result of
giantism.
Mutation Evidences of Evolution
- Changes made to an organism’s - the change in inherited traits
genetic material over successive generations in
populations of organisms
kind:

 Point Mutations 1. Fossil Records

 Insertion – Beta-Thalassemia
 Deletion – Cystic Fibrosis
 Substitution – Sickle Cells
Anemia
 Imprints – shallow external
molds. eg. foot prints
 Compression – animal/plant
tissues preserved in
sedimentary rocks.

female: XX male: XY a. Relative Dating – the

age of the rock depends
1. Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome
on the layer
- 5p- (5p minus)
b. Radiometric Dating –
- distinctive facial features,
using the decay of
widely set eyes, low-set ears,
radioactive isotopes
small jaw, rounded face.
2. Comparative Anatomy
2. DOWN’S Syndome
 homologous – different
- Trisomy 21
function, same origin
- intellectual disability,
 analogous – same
characteristic facial
function, different
3. EDWARDS Syndrome
origin
- Trisomy 18
 vestigial – useless/left-
- 1:1500 infants
ver from previous
4. PATAU Syndrome
ancestor
- Trisomy 13
3. Embryonic Development
- disrupts normal development, 6
- begins just after fertilization
fingers, cleft lip, malformed
ears, small head, absent
4. Genetic Information
eyebrows, abnormal testes.
- changes in the DNA
5. JACOBSEN Syndrome
- chromosome 11
6. KLINEFELTER Syndrome
- one extra copy of the X
chromosome in each cell.
7. TURNER Syndrome
- one normal X chromosome is
present in a female’s cells and
the other sex chromosome is
missing or structurally altered.
Genetic Disorders is caused by an abnormality
Karyotype – individual collection of
chromosomes
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
Theories of Evolution

Lamarck’s Theory Darwin’s Theory

Jean Baptiste Lamarck Charles Darwin

1. Theory of need - theory of evolution by natural
- organisms change because they selection
need to
Theory of Natural Selection
- to evolve a structure, it must
need the structure 1. Species Overproduction – organisms
2. Theory of use and misuse tends to over reproduce
- if you don’t use, you lose 2. Competition – they compete because of
- develop specialized limited space and food
characteristics by the use and 3. Variation – no two individuals are the
disuse of organs. same
3. Theory of Acquired Characteristics 4. Adaptation – becoming better suited to
- the parents who acquires a body the environment
structure can pass it on its 5. Natural Selection – environment selects
offspring. organisms that can survive
6. Speciation – favorable adaptations
gradually accumulate, unfavorable ones
disappear.
background:
HMS Beagle – uses to travel
- took him 5 years to travel and
stayed 5 weeks in Galapagos
island; muse of Darwin’s theory
of evolution.
Darwin studied:
13 varieties of finches of Galapagos birds which
varied in size and shape
Alfred Russel Wallace sends Darwin a
manuscript claiming that he have the same study
as him.
It took him 20 years to organize the data to
publish:
The Origin of Species
- based on natural selection
o SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST