Reproductive System: Female Reproductive System:

- Responsible for the production of off spring

of the same species.
Male reproductive system:

Ovary - Produces the egg cell; the

main reproductive organ of
Penis – a hollow tube that also contains the urethra
the female reproductive
Testis/Testicle - Responsible for the
system
production of semen, which
Fallopian tube - Serves as the
contains the sperm; the main
passageway of the egg
reproductive organ of males
- connects the ovaries to the uterus
Epididymis – a comma-shaped part of
- the site of fertilization
the male reproductive
Uterus - Also known as the womb;
system.
the part where the zygote
- Stores the sperm and
grows and develops
serves as the site for sperm cell maturation.
Cervix - The part that separates the
Scrotum - A bag or pouchlike part that
uterus from the vagina. The
holds the testes
cervix stays closed until the
Urethra - The passageway of both
female gives birth.
urine and semen
Vagina - A hollow tube that serves as
Vas deferens - Also known as the ductus
the passageway out of the
deferens; a long transport
female reproductive system
tube that carries the sperm
from the epididymis to the
Summary question:
ejaculatory duct.
1. Which part of the male reproductive
Ejaculatory duct - Formed by the vas deferens and
system is responsible for the production of semen,
the seminal
which contains the sperm?
vesicle; carries the sperm to the urethra
Testis
Seminal vesicles - Secretes an alkaline fluid that
2. Which part of the male reproductive
contains sugar; which
system stores the sperm and serves as the site for
provides energy to the sperm
sperm cell maturation?
cell.
Epididymis
Prostate gland - Releases a milky fluid that
3. Which part of the male reproductive
liquefies the semen,
system releases a milky fluid that liquefies the
making the sperm move
semen, making the sperm move faster?
faster. The fluid secreted by
Prostate Gland
the prostate gland makes
up 25% of the semen.
4. What is the main reproductive organ
Bulbourethral gland
of the female reproductive system?
or Cowper’s gland - Secretes an alkaline substance in
Ovary
the urethra, which neutralizes the acid from the
5. What is the main reproductive organ of
urine. This helps protect the sperm as it passes along
the male reproductive system?
the urethra.
Testis
Major Transport Accessory
6. A hollow tube that serves as the
Reproductive tubes Glands
passageway out of the female reproductive
Parts:
system is called ________.
Penis Urethra Cowper’s Vagina
Gland 7. What part of the female reproductive
testes Ejaculatory Prostate system serves as the site for
duct gland fertilization?
epididymis Vas deferens Seminal Fallopian tube
vesicles 8. What part of the female reproductive
Scrotum system serves as the site for the
growth and development of the
zygote?
Uterus
9. What part of the female reproductive
system separates the uterus and the
vagina? Cervix
r33Role of Hormones in the Reproductive System:
Parts of the Sperm Cell
HEAD – encloses the nucleus which carries the male’s
genetic material
 Autosomes: 22
 Sex chromosomes: 1
MIDDLE PIECE – contains the mitochondria
which provide energy for the sperm to move
TAIL – used by the sperm cell for movement
Spermatogenesis (64-75 days) – process of producing
sperm cells, happening in the seminiferous tubules
of the testes.
1. Spermatogonia undergoes Mitosis to
form primary spermatocytes (diploid)
2. Primary spermatocytes undergo Meiosis
to produce secondary spermatocytes (haploid).
3. Secondary spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis II to produce spermatids (haploid).
4. Spermatids mature and become
flagellated to form sperm cells.
Role of Hormones in the Reproductive System
 At the onset of puberty the
hypothalamus secretes more gonadotrophin-
releasing hormone(GnRH) that stimulates the
anterior pituitary gland to release
luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle-stimulating
hormone(FSH).
 LH stimulates the gonads to produce sex
hormones and release the egg cells from the ovary.
 FSH stimulates the sex organs to produce
gametes or sex cells.
 In males, LH directs the specialized cells
in the testes to secrete testosterone.
 Testosterone stimulates the
development of secondary characteristics.
 Testosterone triggers spermatogonia to
divide and produce spermatids
Menstrual Cycle:
Follicular Phase
- Beginning of the menstrual cycle
- Concentration of FSH causes the follicle
of one of the primary oocyte in one of the ovaries to
start to grow and thicken
- The follicle secretes estrogen and release
it to the bloodstream to the uterus causing the lining
of the uterus to thicken in preparation for possible
pregnancy.
Menstruation
- Monthly discharge of blood and the
uterine lining
- Lasts around 2 to 7 days
Ovulation
- A sharp increase in the concentration of LH
- The follicle breaks and releases the
secondary oocyte and remains in the oviduct for
possible fertilization by a sperm
- Upon entry of sperm the secondary
oocyte undergoes meiosis II produces an ovum and a
polar body
- LH transforms the ruptured follicle into
the corpus luteum
Luteal Phase
- Corpus luteum starts to secrete
progesterone and more estrogen
- Estrogens function by healing and
repairing the uterine wall, which causes the
thickening in preparation for the implantation of a
fertilized ovum.
- Progesterone stimulates the growth and
development of the blood vessels in the
endometrium and further thickens it
How to keep the Reproductive System Healthy?
1. Eat a balanced diet that is high in fiber
and low in fat.
2. Drink plenty of water.
3. Get regular exercise.
4. Maintain a healthy weight.
5. Get enough sleep.
6. Avoid using tobacco, alcohol, or other
drugs.
7. Manage stress in healthy ways.
Summary questions:
1. What are the parts of the sperm cell?
Head, Tail, Mid piece
2. What particular part of the testis does
spermatogenesis take place?
Seminiferous Tubules
3. What hormone stimulates the gonads to
produce sex hormones and release the egg cells from
the ovary?
Pituitary gland
 Summary Questions:
1. What are the events that take place in the
process of spermatogenesis?
a proliferative phase as spermatogonia divide to
replace their number
2. What are the hormones involved in
spermatogenesis? GnRH, LH, FSH
3. What specific hormone triggers the
spermatogonia to divide and produce
spermatids? Testosterone
4. What are the results of Meiosis II in
spermatogenesis? Spermatids
5. What do we call the first occurrence of
menstruation that a woman experiences?
Menarche
6. What hormone initiates the development
of the follicles in the ovary? FSH
7. What event in oogenesis triggers ovulation?
LH
8. What happens to the ruptured follicle after
ovulation? Corpus Luteum
9. What stimulates the further thickening of
the uterine lining during the luteal phase of
the menstrual cycle? Estrogen
10. What ovarian hormone is dominant during
the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen
11. What are the cells of the ovarian follicle
that surrounds the immature cell or
primary oocyte? Granulosa cells
12. What phase of the menstrual cycle is
considered the secretory phase?
Luteal Phase
Pregnancy and Fertilization:
Before Fertilization
a. Ejaculation process leaves the seminal fluid in
the vagina.
b. Sperms travel to the uterus through the cervical
canal.
c. The sperm cells that survive are pushed to the
fallopian tube by
d. the cilia.
e. The egg cell rises to the ampullar isthmic
junction of the
f. fallopian tube for fertilization.
g. The egg secretes a chemical that attracts
sperms.
h. The sperm first enters the egg cell through the
corona radiata.
i. The sperm binds with the receptors in the zona
pellucida and
j. enters the cell membrane of the egg cell.
During Fertilization
a. The sperm first enter the cell through the
corona radiata
b. The sperms binds into the receptors of the zona
pellucida
c. The acrosome releases its digestive enzyme
d. The sperm fuses with the plasma
or cell membrane of the egg cell which causes the
plasma membrane to change to prevent other sperm
cells from entering the egg cell.
e. The nucleus of the sperm cell and
egg cell combines to form a zygote with complete set
of chromosomes.
After Fertilization
a. The zygote divides rapidly as it travels down to
the
b. uterus.
c. The zygote continues to divide to and form into
a
d. blastocyst ball.
e. The blastocyst hatches from its shell and
burrows itself
f. into the endometrium.
g. After about four weeks the blastocyst now
developed
h. into an embryo and begins to secrete the
pregnancy
i. hormone.
During Pregnancy
a. About 4 weeks after fertilization the embryo is
now implanted into the uterus.
b. At week 5 the circulatory system, brain, and
spinal begin to develop and the baby’s heart starts to
beat.
c. Placenta also starts to develop.
d. At Week 6 the nose, mouth, and ears start to
develop.
e. At week 7 and 8 the embryo has doubled in size.
f. At weeks 9 to 12 the embryo develops into fetus
g. The diaphragm muscles start to grow and the
reproductive, circulatory, and urinary systems are in
their advanced stage of development.
h. Succeeding weeks onwards, the baby then
continues to develop until birth.
Summary Questions:
Where does fertilization takes place? ampullar
isthmic junction
- What happens to the zygote after
fertilization? As it travels to the uterus the zygote
divides rapidly and develops into a blastocyst ball.
- What happens to the blastocyst upon
reaching the uterus? The blastocyst hatches out of
its shell and implanted into the endometrium.
- What do we call the zygote after 4
weeks of implantation? embryo
- At what week of pregnancy do the
reproductive, circulatory, and urinary systems start
to develop? Week 5
- In what week of pregnancy is the
embryo fully developed into a fetus? Week 9 to 12
Nervous System: Main parts of the brain:
What are the two main division of the nervous
system?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What composes the CNS?
Brain, spinal cord
What composes the PNS?
Ganglia, nerves
Cerebrum - It is the largest part of the brain that
Parts of the nervous system:
controls your ability to read, write, speak,
mathematical and musical skills and your memory.
Cerebellum - It helps in the smooth coordination of
skeletal muscle contractions, and regulates body
posture and balance.
Brain Stem – connects the brain and the spinal cord.
Medulla Oblongata - It is associated with heartbeat,
breathing, sensations, and reflect control when the
person is swallowing, vomiting, coughing,
hiccupping, and sneezing.
Mid-brain - It controls the coordination of muscular
movements and the reflexes that controls the
movement of the eyes, head, and neck.
Brain – a part of the nervous system that Pons – connects the parts of the brain and also helps
processes and interprets the control breathing.
signals transmitted to it?
Spinal cord - It serves as a connection from the brain Nerve cells:
to the rest of the body.
- Somatic nervous system – a section of the
PNS that includes the motor nerves, spinal nerves,
and cranial nerves.
- Autonomic nervous system – a section of
the PNS regulates the smooth and cardiac muscles as
well as the other glands.
- Sympathetic Nervous system – a part of the Dendrites - receiving parts of the neurons
ANS is activated during physical and emotional stress Axon – transmits impulse to another neuron
- Parasympathetic nervous system - part of
the ANS is activated when the body is at rest or in Types of neurons:
recovery. Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) - receive stimuli
Lobes of the brain: and transmit them toward the CNS
Motor neurons (efferent neurons) - carry the impulse
away from the CNS to the effectors such as the
muscles of the glands
Relay neurons or interneurons (association neurons)
- process the sensory information carried by the
sensory neurons and give a response through the
motor neurons

Parietal Lobe - Part of the brain controls most of the

senses such as touch and taste and also responsible
for controlling pain, body temperature and balance
Frontal lobe - part of the brain controls some
voluntary motor functions, different moods, and
sense of smell
Occipital lobe – part of the brain that controls the
sense of sight.
Temporal lobe - of the brain controls the sense of
smell and hearing and has a role in memory