Lab Worksheet 6: Life’s Continuity

The Reproductive System

A. Male

Urinary
Pubic Bladder
Bone

Vas
Deferens Ejaculatory
duct (Prostate)

Penis

Epididymis

Seminiferous tubules
Urethra

Testes

Scrotum
B. FEMALE

Fallopian Tube

Ovary UTERUS

Endometrium

Cervix
Vagina
 B. Construct a columnar presentation of the structures and functions of both male and
female reproductive structures.

Male Reproductive System

PARTS
1. PUBIC BONE
The pubic bone is a part of the
pelvic girdle. The pubic bones are
roughly triangular in shape and
have several surfaces, processes,
and openings that play a role in the
skeletal and muscular system.
2. URINARY BLADDER
FUNCTION
The pubic bone is not directly
involved in the function of the
male reproductive system.
However, it is a part of the pelvis,
which provides support and
stability for the organs of the
reproductive and urinary systems.
The pubic bone helps to hold the
scrotum in place, which contains
the testes, the primary
reproductive organs in males.
The urinary bladder is not directly
involved in the function of the
male reproductive system; it's
main function is to store urine
until it is eliminated from the body
through the urethra during
urination.

The urinary bladder is a muscular,

hollow organ located in the pelvic
area of the body. It is made up of
several layers, including the
muscosa, the muscularis propria
and the adventitia.
3. EJACULATORY DUCT
(PROSTATE)
The ejaculatory ducts are two
small ducts located within the
prostate gland. They are formed by
the union of the vas deferens and
the ducts of the seminal vesicles.
4. EPIDIDYMIS
The epididymis is a small, tightly
coiled tube located on the back of
the testicle. It is approximately 6
meters long and is responsible for
the storage, maturation, and
transport of sperm. The
epididymis is made up of several
regions, including the head, the
body, and the tail.
5. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
The seminiferous tubules are the
structures within the testicles where
sperm cells are produced by a process
called spermatogenesis. They are lined
with germinal epithelium made up of
The main function of the ejaculatory
ducts in the male reproductive system
is to transport semen out of the body
during ejaculation. The ejaculatory
ducts are formed by the union of the
vas deferens and the ducts of the
seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts
combine these components and pass
them through the prostate gland and
into the urethra, where they are
expelled from the body during
ejaculation. They also play a role in
the semen composition, the fluids from
the vas deferens and seminal vesicles
mix together with the prostate gland's
fluids to create the semen.
The epididymis stores immature sperm
produced by the testicles and helps
them mature into active sperm capable
of fertilization. The mature sperm are
then transported from the epididymis
to the vas deferens, where they are
mixed with fluids from the seminal
vesicles and prostate gland to form
semen. The epididymis also helps to
protect and nourish the sperm with
specialized cells that produce a fluid
that contains enzymes and other
substances that aid in the transport and
survival of the sperm.
Seminiferous tubules in the male
reproductive system produce and
store sperm cells. They also
support and nurture developing
sperm, and regulate hormone
production.
 different types of cells, including
spermatogonia, spermatocytes,
spermatids, and spermatozoa. The
Sertoli cells provide support, nutrition,
and protection for the developing
sperm cells and also secrete hormones
that regulate the process of
spermatogenesis.
6. TESTES The testes are responsible for
producing sperm and the hormone
testosterone. They contain
seminiferous tubules where sperm
cells are produced, interstitial cells
that produce testosterone, and the
epididymis that stores and
transports the sperm. They are
The testes are a pair of male located outside the body to
reproductive organs that are maintain the optimal temperature
located in the scrotum. They are for sperm production and also
responsible for producing sperm responsible for the reflex control
and the hormone testosterone. The of ejaculation.
testes are divided into three main
parts: the tunica albuginea, the
parenchyma, and the epididymis.
7. SCROTUM The scrotum plays several
important roles in the male
reproductive system: it maintains
the optimal temperature for sperm
production, provides protection to
the testes and epididymis,
suspends the testes, houses the
epididymis, has sensory function
The scrotum is the external sac that and is involved in sexual function.
surrounds and protect the testes,
epididymis, and parts of the vas
deferens. It is made of thin, loose,
hairless skin and a thin muscle tissue
called the dartos muscle that
regulates the temperature of the
testes. The testes are suspended
within the scrotum by the spermatic
cord and surrounded by the cremaster
muscle.
8. URETHRA The urethra carries urine from the
bladder to the outside of the body
and semen during ejaculation in
males. It has several sphincters
that control the flow of urine and
semen, and a mucous membrane
The urethra is a tube that carries urine lining for protection and
and semen out of the body. It has three lubrication.
parts: the prostatic urethra, which runs
through the prostate gland, the
membranous urethra, which is the
shortest segment, and the spongy
urethra, which is the longest segment
and runs through the penis.
9. PENIS The main function of the penis is
to transfer sperm during sexual
intercourse. It also enables
urination and ejaculation by
carrying urine and semen out of
the body through the urethra. The
The penis is a male reproductive organ
erectile tissue in the penis, the
composed of the root, shaft, glans, urethra,
corpora cavernosa and corpus
corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
The glans is the head of the penis, the root
spongiosum, fill with blood during
is the base, the shaft is the main part, an erection, causing the penis to
urethra is a tube that runs through the become rigid and able to engage in
center of the shaft and the glans. The penis sexual intercourse.
also contains blood vessels such as the
dorsal artery and deep dorsal vein.
10. VAS DEFERENS It plays the role of transporting
mature sperm from the epididymis
to the urethra, where it mixes with
secretions from the prostate,
seminal vesicles, and
bulbourethral gland to form
The vas deferens, also known as the ductus
deferens, is a tube that carries sperm from the semen, which is ejaculated during
epididymis to the urethra in the male sexual intercourse.
reproductive system. The vas deferens is
approximately 30-40 cm in length, it is a thick-
walled tube, lined by smooth muscle and it is
surrounded by a connective tissue coat. It starts
at the tail of the epididymis and travels up
alongside the testis, through the inguinal canal,
and into the pelvic cavity. It then joins with the
urethra at the prostate gland, where it contributes
to the semen during ejaculation.
 Female Reproductive System
PARTS
1. FALLOPIAN TUBE
The fallopian tubes, also known as the
oviducts or uterine tubes. They have different
parts such as the infundibulum, where the
egg is captured, the ampulla where
fertilization usually occurs, the isthmus
which connects the ampulla to the uterus, the
intramural part which runs through the wall
of the uterus, the mucosa which is lined with
cilia and secretes a fluid to transport the egg,
the muscle coat which propels the egg along
the tube and the serosa which is the
outermost layer that protects the tube and
holds it in place.
2. UTERUS
The uterus is a pear-shaped reproductive
organ in the female reproductive system,
located in the pelvic area. It has three main
parts: the fundus, the main part where
fertilized egg implants and the fetus
develops, the cervix which connects to the
vagina, and the endometrium, myometrium,
and perimetrium are the lining, middle and
outer layer of the uterus respectively
3. VAGINA
The vagina is a flexible, muscular canal
that connects the uterus to the outside of
FUNCTION
The fallopian tubes play a crucial role in
the female reproductive system by
transporting eggs from the ovaries to the
uterus, where fertilization by sperm can
occur. The cilia and secretions of the
mucosa help to move the egg along the
tube towards the uterus, and the muscle
coat propels the egg along the tube. If
fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube,
the developing embryo will continue to
grow and divide as it makes its way to
the uterus for implantation. If
fertilization does not occur, the egg will
be shed during menstruation.
The main function of the uterus is to
provide a suitable environment for the
fertilized egg to implant and for the fetus
to develop during pregnancy. The uterus
also helps to protect and nourish the
developing fetus by secreting hormones
and blood vessels. The uterus also
contracts during labor, helping to push
the baby out of the body during delivery.
The vagina is a canal in the female
reproductive system that plays several
important roles. Its main function is to
provide a path for menstrual blood to
leave the body during the menstrual
cycle and as a birth canal during
childbirth. Additionally, the vagina is
also responsible for sexual intercourse as
it facilitates the entry of the penis and
 the body in females. It is about 8-10 cm
(3-4 inches) in length. The vagina is
made up of several layers of tissue
including the mucosa, muscularis, and
adventitia.
4. OVARY
The ovary is an almond-shaped
reproductive organ located on either side
of the uterus in the female reproductive
system. It has several structures within
it, including the surface epithelium,
tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla,
follicles, corpus luteum, hilum, ovarian
ligament and suspensory ligament.
5. ENDOMETRIUM
The endometrium is the inner lining of
the uterus in the female reproductive
system. It is composed of two main
layers: the functional layer and the basal
layer.
6. CERVIX
The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the
uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina. It is
about 2-3 centimeters long and has a cylindrical
shape. The cervix has two main regions: the
exocervix, which is the portion visible from the
vagina, and the endocervix, which is the portion
that projects into the uterus.
serves as a passage for sperm to reach
the uterus for fertilization. The vagina
also secretes lubrication to make sexual
intercourse more comfortable and less
painful. The pH balance of the vagina
helps to protect it from infections and
maintain overall reproductive health
The ovaries are reproductive organs in
the female body that play a crucial role
in reproduction. Their main function is
to produce and release eggs (oocytes)
during the menstrual cycle, which are
necessary for fertilization and
pregnancy. They also produce and
secrete hormones such as estrogen and
progesterone, which regulate the
menstrual cycle, and other hormones that
are responsible for secondary sexual
characteristics, such as the development
of breasts and pubic hair. Ovaries also
play a key role in the menstrual cycle, as
the ovulation process and the formation
of the corpus luteum are essential for the
menstrual cycle, as well as the
development of the endometrium.
Its main function is to prepare for and
support pregnancy. During the menstrual
cycle, the endometrium thickens in
response to hormonal signals in
preparation for the possible implantation
of a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not
occur, the endometrium is shed during
menstruation.
The main function of the cervix is to provide a
barrier between the uterus and the vagina, while
also allowing for the passage of menstrual blood,
semen, and cervical mucus. The cervix also plays
a role in childbirth by dilating to allow the
passage of the fetus during delivery, and also
helps to prevent infections from entering the
uterus by producing cervical mucus.
Additionally, the cervix also helps to maintain a
healthy pregnancy by producing a mucus plug
that seals the cervical canal, which acts as a
barrier to protect the developing fetus.
Development and Inheritance
a. Draw the morulation process. Label the important parts and/or events.

Morula is the name given to a ball of cells that forms during the early stages of embryonic
development. It is formed after the fertilization of an egg by a sperm and before the formation of the
blastocyst. The process of forming a morula is called morulation. During morulation, the fertilized
egg undergoes several rounds of cell division, called cleavage, which results in the formation of the
ball of cells. After the formation of the morula, the cells continue to divide and differentiate to form
the various tissues and structures of the embryo.

b. Draw the blastulation process. Label the important parts and/or events.

Blastulation is the process by which a morula transforms into a blastocyst. This process typically
begins around the fourth day of embryonic development. As the morula continues to divide and
differentiate, the cells begin to arrange themselves into an inner cell mass (ICM) and an outer layer
of cells called the trophectoderm. The inner cell mass will eventually give rise to the fetus, while the
trophoblast will form the placenta.
c. Draw the gastrulation process. Label the important parts and/or events.

Gastrulation is the process by which the

three primary germ layers of the embryo
are formed. These three layers are the
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
Gastrulation typically begins around the
third week of embryonic development, after
the blastulation process has formed the
blastocyst.

d. Identify the organ that developed from the three germ layers by completing he table below:
Endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
The endoderm germ layer is the The mesoderm germ layer is the It gives rise to a variety of
innermost layer that forms middle layer that forms during organs and structures including
during gastrulation. It gives rise gastrulation. It gives rise to a skin and its derivatives,
to a variety of organs and wide variety of organs and nervous system, eye, mouth
structures, including the structures, including muscles, and anus, inner ear, teeth,
gastrointestinal tract, skeletal system, blood vessels, lens of the eye, and enamel of
respiratory tract, liver and kidneys, connective tissue, the teeth.
pancreas, thyroid and reproductive systems, adrenal
parathyroid glands, inner ear, glands, and lining of the body
urogenital tract, urinary cavities.
bladder and urethra, and
thymus. These organs and
structures play important roles
in the proper functioning of the
body.
 e. Differentiate embryonic development from fetal development.

Embryonic development and fetal development are the two stages of development that occur after
fertilization and before birth.

Embryonic development refers to the period of development from fertilization to the end of the
eighth week of gestation. During this stage, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of rapid cell divisions
and differentiations, forming the three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) and
the various organs and structures of the body. This stage is characterized by the formation of the
embryonic body plan, including the formation of the head, brain, heart, and other vital organs.

Fetal development, on the other hand, refers to the period of development from the ninth week of
gestation to birth. During this stage, the organs and structures that were formed during embryonic
development continue to grow and mature. The fetus develops more complex structures such as the
limbs, fingers, toes, and genitals. The fetus also develops the ability to move, and the brain and
nervous system are rapidly developing. This stage is characterized by the growth and maturation of
the fetus, which leads to the formation of a fully formed and functional baby at the time of birth.

In summary, embryonic development is the stage of development that occurs from fertilization to
the end of the eighth week of gestation, and it's characterized by the formation of the embryonic body
plan and organs. Fetal development is the stage of development that occurs from the ninth week of
gestation to birth, and it's characterized by the growth and maturation of the fetus, leading to the
formation of a fully formed and functional baby at the time of birth.

References:
Male Reproductive System Worksheet,
https://www.scribd.com/document/237459439/Male- Reproductive-System-Worksheet
The Female Reproductive System Worksheet, https://nidecmege.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-
female- reproductive-system-worksheet.html