Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes

Unit 1: Language of Anatomy

Introduction to Anatomy and inferior, usually used for
animals with tail
Physiology
Medial nearest to midline of body
Anatomy – study of the structure of body Lateral away from midline,
and how the body parts are organized. towards the side
- Greek root means “to cut apart” Proximal near point of attachment
- First studied by observing the exterior or origin on body; only
body of soldiers. used in extremities.
Physiology – study of the functions of body Distal away from point of
parts, what they do, and how they do it. attachment or origin on
- study the chemistry and physics behind body; only used in
the functions of body parts and how they extremities.
work together.
Deep Away from the exterior
- mostly focuses on body’s ability to
surface of the body;
maintain homeostasis.
further into the body
Superficial Near/close to the surface
of the body; on the
Language of Anatomy surface/shallow
Directional Terms Planes
Anatomical Plane – divides body into
sections

Superior uppermost/above

Inferior lowermost/below
Anterior toward the front
Midsagittal vertically divides body
Ventral can also be used for Plane/ through midline into equal
anterior. Median Plane left and right halves
- means the belly side Sagittal Plane any plane parallel to
Posterior toward the back midsagittal, vertically
Dorsal can also be used for dividing body into
posterior. unequal left and right
- means the back side portion
Cephalic/ toward the head/same Horizontal/Tran any plane dividing body
Cranial with superior sverse/Cross- into superior and inferior
Caudal specifically means toward section Plane portions
the tail/synonymous with

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 1: Language of Anatomy
Frontal/ divides anterior and by pleural
Coronal Plane posterior portions of body membrane (Pleural
at right angle to sagittal Cavities)
plane - Mediastinum :
Anatomical Positions found between the
Lithotomy lying on back, knees bent pleural cavities;
Position and thighs apart, assume contains heart,
vaginal/rectal thymus gland, lymph
examination and blood vessels,
Trendelenburg lying supine, head slightly trachea,
Position lower than feet esophagus, and
Fowler’s head higher than feet, nerves.
Position sitting straight up or
leaning slightly back, legs Diaphragm muscle
may be straight or bent separates the thoracic
Left Lateral lying on left side cavity from
Recumbent abdominopelvic cavity.
Position
Right Lateral lying on right side 2. Abdominopelvic
Recumbent Cavity
Position – Abdominal cavity
Prone Position lying with face directed (kidneys, stomach,
towards the floor liver, and
gallbladder, small
Supine Position lying with face up, patient
and large intestines,
looking upward
spleen, pancreas)
Cavities
– Pelvic cavity
Cavity – space or compartment in body
(reproductive
organs)
Parietal walls of cavity
Visceral covering on an organ
Anatomical Landmarks

Dorsal Cavity divided into:

Cranial Cavity – contains
brain
Spinal Cavity – contains
spinal cord
Ventral Cavity contains organs involved
in homeostasis
1. Thoracic Cavity
– surrounded by rib
cage; contains
heart in pericardial
sac (Pericardial
Cavity) and two
lungs each covered

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 1: Language of Anatomy
Vertebral Spinal
Scapular Shoulder Blade
Dorsum Back
Lumbar Loin
Sacral Between Hips
Perineal Between Anus and
Genitalia
Femoral Thigh
Calcaneal Heel
Plantar Sole
Abdominal Quadrants/Regions

Cephalic Head
Frontal Forehead
Nasal Nose
Orbital Eye
Buccal Cheek
Oral Mouth
Cervical Neck
Mental Chin
Acromial Shoulder
Sternal Breast Bone
Axillary Armpit
Thoracic Chest
Mammary Breast
Brachial Arm Skull Anatomy
Antecubital Front Elbow
Olecranial Back Elbow
Antebrachial Forearm
Popliteal Posterior Knee
Patellar Anterior Knee
Sural Calf
Carpal Wrist
Palmar Palm
Pollex Thumb
Digital Fingers/Toes
Pubic Genital
Crural Leg
Tarsal Ankle
Hallux Big Toe Chest Anatomy
Occipital Base of Skull

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 1: Language of Anatomy
Fibrous Membrane – non-fluid filled,
structural

Anatomical Terms of Movement

Anatomical terms of movement
- describes action of muscles upon the
skeleton.

Flexion decreases angle between

two body parts
Membranes Extension increases angle between
Serous Membrane (serosa) – membranes two body parts
lining closed internal body cavities such as Abduction movement away from
the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum midline
- parietal, visceral Adduction movement towards the
midline
Medial Rotation rotational movement
towards midline
Lateral Rotation rotational movement
away from midline
Elevation movement in superior
direction

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 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Notes
Unit 1: Language of Anatomy
Depression movement in inferior Body Systems
direction Integumentary  Largest organ of the
Pronation lying flat on the front, System body
palm down  Forms a physical barrier
Supination lying flat on the back, between the external
and the internal
palm up
environment.
Dorsiflexion movement at ankle so
Skeletal System  Body's central
that foot points more framework
superiorly  Bones and connective
Plantarflexion movement at ankle so tissue, including
that foot points more cartilage, tendons, and
inferiorly ligaments.
Inversion movement of sole Nervous System  Body's command center
towards median plane;  Originating from brain
sole faces in a medial  Controls movements,
thoughts and automatic
direction
responses.
Eversion movement of sole away
Muscular  Composed of
from median plane; sole specialized cells called
System
faces in a lateral direction muscle fibers
Opposition brings the thumb and little  Predominant function is
finger together contractibility.
Reposition moves thumb and little Endocrine  Made up of different
finger away from each System hormones
other  Regulates biological
Circumduction conical movement of limb processes from
conception through
extending from the joint
adulthood and old age.
at which the movement is  Delivers nutrients and
Cardiovascular
controlled; sometimes oxygen to all cells in the
System
referred to as circular body.
motion Lymphatic  Network of tissues,
Protraction anterolateral movement System vessels and organs
of scapula on the thoracic  Moves a colorless,
wall; allows shoulder to watery fluid called lymph
move anteriorly back into circulatory
system
Retraction posteromedial movement
Respiratory  Moves fresh air while
of scapula on the thoracic
System removing waste gases.
wall; allows shoulder to
move posteriorly Digestive  Made up of the digestive
System tract and other organs
Retrusion involves going backwards
 Helps the body break
Protrusion going straight ahead or down and absorb food.
forward Urinary System  Filters blood, removing
Structural Organization waste and excess water.
 Waste becomes urine.
Reproductive  Functions:
System  To produce egg and
sperm cells
 To transport and
sustain these cells
 To nurture the
developing offspring