lOMoARcPSD|13985848

Anatomical Planes and Frog's External Parts

Foundation of Zoology (Centro Escolar University)

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 lOMoARcPSD|13985848

PCZO101 : GENERAL ZOOLOGY (LAB)

ANATOMICAL TERMS, PLANES, AND AXES
FROG’S EXTERNAL PARTS

ANATOMICAL TERMS/DIRECTIONAL TERMS Distal - away from the main mass of the body
→ Terms used in locating and identifying parts.
Anterior - head region
Posterior - tail region
Dorsal - upper side or back
Ventral - under side or front

PLANES AND AXES

→ PLANES: flat surfaces; AXES: imaginary lines
Frontal plane - runs from anterior to posterior
and separates the dorsal and ventral
Transverse plane - runs from dorsal to ventral
and separates the anterior and posterior
Mid-sagittal - runs from anterior to posterior
and separates right and left equally
Parasagittal - runs from anterior to posterior
2 legged human and 4 legged animal and separates right and left unequally

MODULES

Medial - toward the center

Lateral - toward the sides
Central - at the middle
Peripheral - away from the center
- outer edges

Anatomical Terms
 Anterior, Cephalic or Cranial -the
front or head end
 Posterior or Caudal -the hind or tail
end
 Medial -at or near the middle or
Superficial - on the surface
midline of a body or organ
Deep - beneath the surface
 Lateral -the side of a body (right and
left sides)
 Dorsal -the back, upper side, or upper
part
 Ventral -the belly, lower side, or lower
part
 Central -the part nearest the middle
 Peripheral -the part nearest the
surface
 Proximal -near the main mass of the
body/point of attachment
 Distal -away from the main mass of
Proximal - near the main mass of the body the body/point of attachment

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 lOMoARcPSD|13985848

PCZO101 : GENERAL ZOOLOGY (LAB)

ANATOMICAL TERMS, PLANES, AND AXES
FROG’S EXTERNAL PARTS

 Superior -above *maxillary teeth(row of teeth) and vomerine

 Inferior -below teeth(pair of teeth)- for gripping the prey
*Eustachian tubes- equalize pressure when frog
Anatomic Axes is swimming
*esophagus->glottis->(epiglottis)->trachea->lungs
 Longitudinal Axis -anterior-posterior
External nares: openings posterior to the snout
axis
Browspot: vestigial eye; white dot between the
 Dorso-ventral Axis -up/down axis
eyes
 Left-Right Axis
Eyeballs: bulging structures posterior to the
Anatomic Planes nostrils
3 Eyelids: protect the eyeballs; composed of the
 Sagittal plane / Sagittal section -a *upper eyelid, *lower eyelid (*protects eyes when
cut in this plane; longitudinal section frog is on land), and nictating membrane (protects
through the median vertical plane that eyes when frog is underwater)
divides the body into right and left Tympanic membranes: for hearing; flat, rounded
halves structures; posterior to the eyeballs (male’s
 Parasagittal section -section to one size>eyes, female’s size<or=eyes)
side of the midline, separates right
and left portions of unequal size LIMBS
 Frontal plane / Frontal section -a cut Forelimb
in this plane; longitudinal section - upper/anterior
made at right angles to a sagittal - upper arm
section - lower arm/forearm
 Transverse plane / Transverse - carpus (wrist)
section or Cross section -a cut in - manus (digits)
this plane; any section made through Hindlimb
and at right angles to the longitudinal - lower / posterior
axis - thigh
- shank
FROG’S EXTERNAL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS - tarsus
FROG’S TAXONOMY - pes
KEEP PONDS CLEAN OR FROGS GET SICK Digits
ACAARRV - toes/fingers
(mnemonics) - prehallux/calcar
KINGDOM: Animalia Web (only found on the hindlimb)
PHYLUM: Chordata - in between the toes
CLASS: Amphibia
ORDER: Anura COMPARISON BETWEEN M AND F (FROGS)
FAMILY: Ranidae
GENUS: Rana
SPECIES: Vittigera

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rana vittigera

Rana vittigera – when written

BODY DIVISIONS
Head: most anterior (outer) region
Trunk: main mass of the body
Limbs: extremities
*male frog has a dark colored spots in the
EXTERNAL PARTS neck
Snout: most anterior tip of the head *male frog head or snout is more narrow than
Mouth: anterior opening a female frog
*internal nares
*ONLY male frogs produce calls & sounds
*frog’s tongue is split in the middle(attached
towards the front of the mouth)

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 lOMoARcPSD|13985848

PCZO101 : GENERAL ZOOLOGY (LAB)

ANATOMICAL TERMS, PLANES, AND AXES
FROG’S EXTERNAL PARTS

MODULES
Frog’s body- possesses a distinct shape and
proportions that give them an advantage in
inhabiting both land and water
-divided into head and trunk; no neck and tail
Head- where brain and sense organs are
contained
Trunk- most of the internal organs or viscera
occupying one cavity, that is the coelom or
abdominal cavity
Body Regions
1. Head - situated “ahead”; contains the brain and
the sense organs
2. Trunk - where the body cavity or coelom is
found, this encloses the internal organs or viscera
Neck - extension of the head; no associated
coelom
*usually absent in fishes and amphibians
3. Tail - extends beyond the anus/vent; comprise
of body-wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and
blood vessels
*present in the vertebrate embryo but may be
absent in some adult vertebrates
4. Appendages - two pairs (Forelimbs and
Hindlimbs) are connected to the trunk

*may be lost or vestigial (small remnant) in some

vertebrates such as snakes and lizards

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