CELL THEORY a.

cells do not appear out of nowhere; cells divide

People made use of the 4 humors (before the cell was itself (parent cell copies itself and makes
discovered): the 4 humors must be balanced to see if a person another cell)
is healthy.
1. Blood Types of Cells
a. transport oxygen and other nutrients
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
2. Phlegm (clear)
a. snot, saliva, sweat, tears archaebacteria (old), fungi, animals, plants,
3. Yellow Bile eubacteria (new) protists
a. urine, digestive acid, bile from the liver
DNA (no nucleus that holds DNA (in the nucleus)
4. Black Bile
it)
a. poop
cytoplasm cytoplasm
Germ Theory of Disease
Diseases are caused by microorganisms that invade ribosomes ribosomes
organisms. cell membrane cell membrane

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden formed the cell no membrane-bound has membrane-bound
theory that started from Robert Hooke’s observation from a organelles organelles
cork under a microscope
unicellular unicellular or multicellular
Postulates of the Cell Theory
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and 1. Prokaryotic Cells
function in living things ● no nucleus, no organelles, unicellular
a. if you magnify in a living organism, cells will be ● “pro” and “karyon” meaning before time
seen ○ considered to be the first living organism on
2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells Earth
a. no living organisms have no cell; either ○ already existed before the evolution of the cell
unicellular or multicellular nucleus
unicellular - one cell ● do not have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
multicellular - multiple cells ● bacterias play an important role in decomposition
3. Cells arise from other cells through cellular division
Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell *plasmid - a small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecule
in the cytoplasm

2. Eukaryotic Cells
a. more complex and bigger than prokaryotic cell
b. membrane-bound organelles (performs
independent functions)
c. has a nucleus

● the DNA is inside the nucleus to protect

the sensitive structure of DNA
➔ glycocalyx (capsule) - an outer layer that
● all processes happen inside the nucleus
provides protection, helps bacteria to hold on to
● DNA - double helix; contains base pairs
surfaces and protects them from being engulfed
(adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
➔ cell wall - outermost layer of the cell which gives
shape to the cell; provides rigidity and structure
Parts of Eukaryotic Cells
➔ plasma membrane - thin layer that separates
the cell from its external environment, prevents
the entry of unnecessary substances into the
cell
➔ cytoplasm - jelly like material, surrounds all
internal cell structure; the whole inside region
where everything is suspended
➔ nucleoid - the region where the genetic material
(DNA) is present
➔ ribosomes - site where protein is
synthesized/created
➔ pilus (plural: pili) - short hair-like outgrowths that
attach to the surface of other bacterial cells
➔ flagellum - facilitates movement; helps in the
locomotion of a cell
 ➔ nucleus - holds the genetic material; the brain ○ to allow certain cells such as red and white
of the cell blood cells, to change shape as they pass
➔ endoplasmic reticulum - has two types: the through narrow capillaries
rough and smooth ER. ● outermost layer of the cell at least of animal cell
➔ rough ER - has ribosomes attached whose
function is to produce protein 2 Models of Cell Membrane
➔ Smooth ER - absence of ribosomes, involved in 1. Classical Model
the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and
steroids
➔ cytoplasm
➔ cell membrane
➔ lysosome - functions as the digestive system of
the cell
➔ ribosome
➔ mitochondria - the powerhouse of the cell,
produces energy
➔ golgi apparatus - responsible for processing
a. phospholipid bilayer
and determining where to send molecules
i. the cell membrane itself is made up of 2
layers (hydrophilic and hydrophobic
CELL MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE-BOUND
layer)
ORGANELLES
ii. borders the whole cell
b. the hydrophilic zones are faced in the external
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
and internal parts to blend with water in the
● all cells have a cell membrane
environment
● the protective layer of the cell that separates it from the
external and internal environment
● acts like a barrier to avoid the destruction of the cell
● selectively/ semi-permeable: only selected molecules
can get in or out (to keep it stable)
● provides shapes and flexibility for the cell
 2. Fluid Mosaic Model Nucleoplasm
● like a cytoplasm; jelly-like fluid wherein the
nucleolus is suspended

Nucleolus
● responsible for ribosome formation

Nuclear Pores
● openings in the nuclear membrane, selectively
allowing molecules that come in and out of the
nucleus

Chromatin
a. has channel proteins for molecules and ● made up of DNA and proteins and forms
nutrients to get it chromosomes during cell division
b. receptors: gets signal from the molecules to ● contains the genes inherited by the offspring
know what gets in and what doesn’t from their parents

Nucleus
● the brain of the cell
● site where nucleic acids are synthesized and storage of
hereditary factors
● source of ribonucleic acid (RNA) — responsible for
converting genetic instructions in DNA into protein

Nuclear Membrane
● composed of two layers that separate the
nucleus from the cytoplasm ● chromosome - dna molecule with part of
● separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm all of the genetic material of an
organism, vectors of heredity
 ● chromatid - one copy of a newly copied Endoplasmic Reticulum
chromosome which is still joined to the ● a network of intercommunicating channels
original chromosome by a single composed of membrane-enclosed sacs and
centromere tubules
○ when dna is stretched it ● serves as an intracellular highway through
becomes as long as the distance which molecules can be transported from one
from the moon part of the cell to another
○ humans have 46 chromosomes ● does a lot processing of molecules for the
(23 from each parent) cell-protein folding
● highly involved in transporting molecules
Glycocalyx
● the external coating of the cell membrane Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
● made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides ● presence of ribosomes
○ provides protection ● a series of connected flattened sacs
○ enables cell-to-cell recognition ● produces proteins for the rest of the cell to
○ contains receptor/contact sites for enzymes and function
hormones *a cell with more RER produces a large amount
○ allows the cell to respond to changes in of proteins to be inserted into the membranes
electrical potentials or exported to the outside
○ acts as a filtration barrier
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasm ● absence of ribosomes
● a semifluid substance region of the cell that surrounds ● tubular form
the nucleus ● produces other substances needed by the cell
● the largest interior part of the cell where organelles and ● synthesizes glycogen, lipids (phospholipids,
cellular inclusions are suspended cholesterol), production and secretion of
steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates
 Lysosome
● contains digestive enzymes
● break down excess/worn-out cell parts
● protect a cell from invading bacteria

CELLULAR MACROMOLECULES
- suspended in the cytoplasm but are not
membrane-bound structures

Ribosomes
● not organelles
● site of protein synthesis
● every living cell requires ribosomes for the
production of protein
● proteins that are needed by the cell itself are
Golgi Apparatus
produced by the free ribosomes (cytoplasm)
● “packing center”
● proteins that will be inserted into cell
● has enzymes that can modify molecules
membrane/exported outside of the cell are
● responsible for the processing, packaging, and sorting
produced by those attached to the ER
of secretory materials for use within the cell or out
● receive items from the transport vesicles that pinches
Centrosome
off of the ER for further processing
● part of the cytoplasm that produces
● determines where to send the molecules
microtubules
● animal cells - two small parts (centrioles)
Mitochondrion
● assists in cell division
● the powerplant of the cell
● contains enzymes that help in the chemical oxidation of
Cytoskeleton
food molecules
● provides motility and strength for the cell
● produces energy in the form ATP (cellular respiration)
● active cells have more mitochondria
● has its own ribosomes and DNA
Cell Modifications and Adaptations
● a process in which an ordinary cell is transformed into
a specialized cell in order to do a specific task for the
body
● contributed to the adaptation and survival of organisms
★ microvilli - increases the surface area of the
cell, thus increasing the absorption of nutrients
★ nerve cells - transmission of impulses from
brain to spinal cord
★ red blood cells - biconcave for oxygen to bind in
hemoglobin, loses nucleus as it matures,
increasing surface area for gas exchange,
enabling optimal oxygenation of tissues in the
body
★ sperm cell