Structure and Function of the Cell
Blood Cells
Sperm Cells
How did we find out about cells?
Robert Hooke in 1665 Described little boxes that looked like the CELLS that monks lived in
8 Years later...
Dutch microscope maker Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells in 1673 Also observed some microorganisms
Observations recorded in over 200 letters
Who Discovered the Cell Theory?
Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow
Matthias Schleiden 1838
German Botanist
Concluded that all plants were made of cells
Observed cross sections of stems
Theodore Schwann 1839
German cytologist and physiologist
Concluded that all animals were made up of cells
Rudolf Virchow 1855
All cells come from previously existing cells
Described the human body as a cell state in which each cell is a citizen
The Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells 2. A cell is the smallest unit of life 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cell Size
Some are tiny (bacteria) and some are long (nerve cells) All are microscopic Largest cells by volume are eggs
Cell Shapes
Different shapes for different functions! Nerve Cells are long to transmit information
Red Blood Cells are shaped like a Frisbee to slip through small openings while still having lots of membrane surface
Muscle Cells are tightly packed to work together
Life Begins with the Cell
Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ Systems Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms
Life
Internal Organization
All cells have
A cell membrane DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Only some cells have a nucleus
Prokaryotic -no Eukaryotic -yes you are a eukaryote
Only some cells have organelles, cell components that performs specific functions
Classification of Life is Based on Cell Structure
Prokaryotic Cells
Pro-no no nucleus or membranes around organelles These are bacterial or archaebacterial cells
Bacterial cells have strong protective capsules and compact shapes
Cocci Bacilli Spirochaete
Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
Structure of Prokaryotes
Cell wall (also sometimes a capsule) Protection from outside environment Support/stiffness Some have pilli for attachment Cell membrane Regulate what enters/leaves cell
Structure of Prokaryotes
A single DNA strand (genetic material) Ribosomes in cytoplasm make proteins Some have flagella for movement
A Prokaryotic Cell
http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm animation
Bacterial cells on the head of a pin
Ribosomes
Make proteins May be 100s to 1,000s per cell Found in all cells Made only of rRNA and proteins Shaped roughly like a donut
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like material that fills the cell Mostly water Contains molecules, nutrients, organelles Allows particles to meet and mix Sometimes called Cytosol (cell solution)
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus More complex structure with rooms Start at 1,000 times larger than prokaryotes All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, fungi, and Protista are all eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus Organelles with their own membranes Cytoskeleton Complex fluid mosaic membrane Much larger size
Chapter 4 Section 2
Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Membrane
Isolate the cytoplasm from the environment Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Nutrients in and wastes out Selectively permeable only lets certain things in and out Flexible and changeable fluid mosaic
Phospholipid Bilayer
Membrane has embedded proteins
Peripheral- located on the interior/exterior surface of membrane Integral- are embedded in the membrane
Proteins play a vital role in transporting materials across a membrane!
Membrane Structure
Phospholipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Nonpolar tails (hydrophobic) are directed inward, polar heads (hydrophilic) are directed outward to face both extracellular and intracellular fluid
Nucleus
Contains instructions for making The red circles everything the cell needs are histones This is chromatin, DNA wrapped around (proteins), the proteins DNA wraps
around the histones. The histone DNA combo wraps around itself to eventually form chromosomes!
Nucleus
Is an inner chamber surrounded by its own membrane Pores allow mRNA, signal molecules to enter and leave Nucleolus is a ball of RNA that makes ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell Breaks apart glucose to load ATP molecules with energy Cellular Respiration Some cells have thousands of them A membrane-bound organelle
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A system of bubbles and chambers that form and change constantly Act like moveable rooms inside the cell Contain and transport molecules Stays near the nucleus Rough ER-ribosomes Smooth ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Also called Golgi complex or Golgi body Made of layers of smooth membranes A cell that does a lot of exporting has many golgi Think of a golgi as the UPS station of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Stays near the outer cell membrane Packages and processes proteins Accepts the polypeptide from RER Packages/folds it into a final shape Labels it with destination marker Processes it through the cell and releases it as a protein
Golgi Body
Lysosomes
Bubbles of membrane material Have enzymes to break down unwanted materials like wastes and toxins These are like little cell stomachs
The Endomembrane System
NOTE: Endo= internal
Cell animation
Cytoskeleton
Maintains shape and size of cell
Cytoskeleton
Made from stiff molecules which work together for internal and external cell movement Microfilaments made of actin protein Microtubules made of tubulin protein
Cytoskeleton
Only animal cells have an extensive cytoskeleton.
Cilia and Flagella
Hair-like structures on the outside of a cell Function is movement Cilia are like many small oars Flagella are like whips, one or few Both are extensions of the cytoskeleton
Cilia and Flagella
cilia flagellum
Centrioles
Consist of 2 short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nnuclear env. Found in animal cells; organize microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division
Prokaryotic Cells
Cell membrane Cell wall/capsule Cytoplasm DNA in a loop Ribosomes Very small
Complex cell membrane with proteins No cell wall Cytoplasm DNA as chromatin, inside nucleus Ribosomes Membrane-bound organelles like ER, Golgi, mitochondria Cytoskeleton 1,000s times larger
Animal Cells
You will need to know all these parts!
How Plants Cells Differ from Animal Cells
They also have a cell wall large vacuole plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts) Plant cells lack Cilia, Flagella Fully developed cytoskeleton
Plant Cell Walls
Made from cellulose Outside of the cell membrane Acts as support
Vacuoles
Large sac that takes up the majority of a plant cell Stores water May store poisons and wastes as well
Turgor Pressure
Pressure of a full vacuole against cell wall Holds plant up Wilting is loss of turgor pressure
Plastids
Double membrane organelles that can store starch or fat Most common plastid is the chloroplast Organelle that conducts photosynthesis Numerous in some cells and absent in others
Chloroplasts
Use light energy to make carbs from CO2 and water Contains a system of flattened memb. Sacs (thylakoids) Thylakoids contain green pigment (chlorophyll) which absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell Granum stack of thylakoids
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Animal vs Plant Cells
Organelle Function Cytoskeleton Support, Animal Plant
Yes
Yes No movement Cilia/flagella Movement Support Cell wall
Yes, but No
Yes Yes Yes
Plastids Central vacuole
Photosynth No esis; storage Storage, No support
Chapter 4 Sect 3
Multicellular Organization
Colonial Organization
Unicellular organisms may have begun to live in temporary groups or colonies Some cells in the colonies have specialized in performing certain functions Colonial organisms are a collection of genetically identical cells that live in a closely connected group
One volvox can contain 500-60,000 cells, each which maintain their own existence!
