- Without a nucleus or membrane-enclosed
🌷 : ୨ cell structure ୧ ‧₊˚
CELLS
All cells have:
 Plasma (or Cell) membrane
- separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment.
- Made of phospholipid bilayer &
cholesterol, proteins, carbs
- Controls what goes in and out of the
cell
- Maintains homeostasis
- Semipermeable (allowing certain
substances to pass through it but not
others, especially allowing the
passage of a solvent but not of
certain solutes)
Phospholipid Bilayer:
o Head = Polar (molecules have unequal
sharing of electrons among atoms)
o Tail = Non-polar (molecules have equal
sharing of electrons among atoms)
 Cytoplasm
- Cytosol – cellular fluid
- Jelly-like fluid, medium
chemical reaction.
 Genetic material / DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Gene – codes for proteins
- Dictates what the cell is going to do
and how it’s going to do it.
2 CATEGORIES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
- Unicellular organisms
organelles
- Have genetic material but not contained
within a nucleus
- Bacteria, archaea
 Nucleoid – the region where genetic information
can be found.
o Genetic information – a chromosome or
set of chromosomes, which are huge DNA
molecules. (Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine,
Thymine)
1. Genes
2. Transcription (molecules read these genes)
3. mRNA (deliver the instructions)
4. Code is read by Ribosomes
- made of RNA & proteins)
5. Translation
6. Proteins
- includes enzymes:
- DNA Polymerase – copies DNA,
- Hexokinase – has a role in
metabolism
7. Energy (needed for the cell to be able to
move around and reproduce)
for
Metabolic needs determine cell size
- Some outside materials are needed, but transfer
is limited by the cell surface.
- High surface area to volume ratio
o Maximize exchange with the
surroundings
o While, minimizing the volume inside
that has to be serviced.
- Ration shrinks as cells get bigger
- Cell diameter: around 0.01 mm (depending on
cell type)
Mesosome
The cell has no subcellular organelles, only in folding
of the plasma membrane called mesosome.
- They can help in:
o Cell formation
o DNA replication
o Distribute daughter cells
o Secretion
o Respiration
o Increase the plasma membrane surface
& the enzyme content
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
o Multicellular
o With nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles
o More advanced complex cells
o Animals, plants, humans, fungi

Organelle – “little organ”
- Specialized parts of a cell that have unique jobs
to perform.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Proposes that billions of years ago there were many
different types of bacteria floating around, all of which
are unicellular. Each with unique functions: capable of
photosynthesis or respiration.
 Chromatin – tangled, spread out form of DNA.
Found inside the nuclear membrane.
 Nucleolus – where rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is
synthesized. Large and small subunit of
ribosomes form.
2. Ribosomes
- Large complex of RNA and protein molecules
- Important job of making protein

Larger host cells then envelop smaller bacteria, and
instead of digesting them, a mutual dependency arose.
The smaller cell receives shelter or protection. The
larger cell gets energy or a bonus feature.
Endo – inside
Symbiosis – cooperative relationship
Animal cell vs Plant cell
 Plant cell have cell wall, while animal cell does
not.
 Both have ribosomes (organelles)
 Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria
 Cell division: Mitosis (A), Binary Fission (P)
 Plant cells have bigger vacuoles than animal
cells
- floating freely (around cytosol), or stuck/bound
to a membrane (rough ER for eukaryotes – cell
membrane for prokaryotes).
TRANSPORT OF MACROMOLECULES
Exocytosis: occurs when a vesicle fuses with the
plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released
outside the cell
Endocytosis: the uptake of external materials by a cell.
- involves cells taking in substances from outside
the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived
from the cell membrane.
DNA PROCESSING

In prokaryotes, it takes place in the cytoplasm

In eukaryotes, the nucleus
Animal cell

Endomembrane System
1. Nuclear Envelope
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Smooth ER
4. Golgi Apparatus
5. Lysosomes

Rough ER
- Has ribosomes
- Secretes proteins into the cytoplasm
- It modifies, produce, and store protein produces
by attached ribosomes.
- Synthesize:
o Ribosomes
o Phospholipids
1. Nucleus
- where the genetic information is stored. Smooth ER
- Lacks ribosomes
- Plays a role in calcium sequestration and release
- Functions:
o Synthesize
o Metabolism
o Storage of inorganic ions

- Phospholipids and steroids (like sex hormones)

- No role in protein synthesis because it lacks

ribosomes.
 Intermediate Filament – gives mechanical
- Can detoxify drugs and poisons by adding a support to structures like the nucleus and plasma
hydroxyl group. membrane

Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria

- process and package the macromolecules such as
proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the
cell
- Proteins inside the transport vesicles are
modified and stored then join a membrane or are
excreted here.
- Considered as traffic director in cellular protein
carry out cellular respiration, it makes ATP molecules
that provide the energy for all the cells activities.
Cells that need more energy, have more mitochondria.
Cellular respiration steps: Glycolysis, the Citric Acid
Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

- Cis face (enter); trans face (exit) Peroxisome

- Cisterna – sections (each has its own set of - Have metabolic function
enzymes) - Contains enzymes that can perform oxidative
- Molecules are modified as they move from one processes.
cisterna to the next. - Generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
- Fatty acids are broken down for cellular
Lysosomes respiration
- Contains digestive enzymes
- More acidic: pH = 4.5 – 5.0 Kinesins
- Cytosol pH = 7.2 - Motor proteins
- Holds enzymes that digest large molecules via - Can move vesicles around the cell
hydrolysis - This process is powered by ATP
Unique features:
1. Cilia – hair-like
2. Flagella (flagellum) – little tail that helps
cell move
Phagocytosis
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes
ingest or engulf other cells or particles.

- Multiple vesicles fuse to form o food vacuole,

then a lysosome will fuse with the vacuole and
break apart the big chunks of food into smaller Plant Cell
bits.

- If this is a damaged organelle, this process is

called autophagy.

Centrosome
- The cytoskeleton organizer
- Produces the microtubules (the key component
of cytoskeleton) of a cell.

Maintain structural integrity of the cell:

Cytoskeleton
- thread-like microfilaments, which are made
of protein.
- Stretch throughout the cell
- Maintains integral structural support and
organization of cells

Chloroplast
Consists of: - is where photosynthesis happens
Microtubules – thin hollow tubes, provide - Produces simple sugars from sunlight, water, and
structural support carbon dioxide, which are then metabolized in
the mitochondria.
- Can grow and reproduce on its own.
Microfilament – maintain cell shape
Chlorophyll
 from an
- green pigment

converts solar energy into chemical energy, making

their own food, which is then converted into energy for
cellular function.

-
-
-
(Central) Vacuole
Contains fluid called cell sap.
Store food and water
Where the cell stores inorganic ions like
area of its
higher
potassium and chloride.
- Small central vacuole: proteins, poison, pigment
– controls the size of the cell

concentrati
on to an
area of
its lower
-
CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Passive Transport Process

movement of molecules from higher
concentrati
on.
concentration to lower concentration and no
amount of energy is required.

- No ATP required

it is the
Diffusion
Solute: water, aquaporin

it is the movement
movement of a
of a substance
substance
from an from an
area of its area of its
higher higher
concentrati concentrati
on to an on to an
area of area of
its lower its lower
concentrati concentrati
on. on
it is the it is the
movement movement
of a of a
substance substance
from an from an
area of its area of its
higher higher
concentrati concentrati
on to an on to an
area of area of
its lower its lower
concentrati concentrati
on on
it is the it is the
movement movement
of a of a
substance substance
from an from an
area of its area of its
higher higher
concentrati concentrati
on to an on to an
area of area of
its lower its lower
concentrati concentrati
on on
it is the
- it is the movement of a substance from an area of
its higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.

Simple Diffusion

movement
Solutes: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethanol, and
urea
- it is the type of diffusion of dissolved solutes
through the plasma membrane.
- Does not require transport protein.

of a -
Facilitated Diffusion
Ex: The movement of glucose inside the cell
is the type of diffusion that requires a protein
carrier.

substance
- Proteins are facilitating or help things pass
through.
- Requires transport protein.

Osmosis / Infusion
Ex: Kidney Dialysis
 out of the
- it is the diffusion of water points across a
selectively permeable membrane.
- Osmotic pressure

Dialysis

cell by
- The process of separating molecules in solution
by the difference in their rates of diffusion
through a semipermeable membrane.

fusion of
Active Transport Process
secretory
vesicles
- movement of molecules from lower
concentration to higher concentration with the
use of energy.

- uses ATP

-
Homeostasis

Sodium Potassium Pump

helps maintain resting membrane potential
with
the plasma
- moves sodium and potassium ions against large
concentration gradients. It moves two potassium
ions into the cell where potassium levels are
high, and pumps three sodium ions out of the

membrane
cell and into the extracellular fluid.
Ex: Cell has low intracellular sodium; but
concentration of potassium inside the cell is very high.
This is maintained by the sodium-potassium activated
ATPase
refers to bulk movement of substance out of the cell by
Exocytosis fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

refers to refers to
bulk bulk
movement movement
of of
substance substance
out of the CELL LIFE CYCLE

cell by
M phase / Mitotic Phase
- Cell is dividing

Interphase
- The cell is not dividing

fusion of 1.
2.
3.
G1 phase – first gap
S phase – synthesis
G2 phase – second gap

secretory
- the longer phase of the cell cycle where the cell
is active and preparing for cell division
- The DNA molecule is duplicated exactly in a
process called DNA replication which occurs

vesicles
toward the end of the interphase.

Cell Division
- Cells arise from the division of other cells.
- Mitosis consists of four stages-prophase,

with
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The result
is two daughter nuclei, each identical to the
mother nucleus

MITOSIS (PMAT Cell Division)

the plasma
o Prophase
- each chromosome consists of two chromatids
joined at the centromere

membrane
o Metaphase
- chromosomes align at the center of the cell

o Anaphase
- chromatids separate at the centromere and
migrate to opposite poles
Endocytosis
refers to the bulk movement of substance into the cells
o Telophase
by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane
- two new nuclei assume their normal structure,
o Phagocytosis and cell division is completed, producing two
new daughter cells
- cell eating cell
- Responsible WBC: Neutrophils – first immune
in Somatic cell
cells to defend against infection. Destroy
(Every cell except reproductive cells)
bacteria and other foreign cells
- High neutrophil count = bacterial infection
Total Chromosomes = 46
23 chromosomes from each parent
o Pinocytosis
- Cell drinking cell
- Extracellular fluid
- Take in fluids

o Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Very picky
- Incoming substances should bind to receptors to
get in
Cytokinesis – the separation of daughter cells after cell
Apoptosis division. moves part of the cell in processes of growth
- Cell death and mobility.
Permeable - the size, charge, and other chemical
properties of the atoms or molecules attempting to
cross will determine whether they can pass through or
not.
⁃ this is essential for the effective separation of a
cell or organelle from its surroundings.

ATP
- high energy compound that has high energy
bonds ( free energy is released when they are
hydrolyzed ) ~P
- "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular
energy transfer
- transports chemical energy within cells for
metabolism

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
1. a cellular energy transfer medium
2. a source of biological electrons
3. a purine base and sugar bound to 3 phosphate