GZOO111 Pecson, Angelyn Fe

WEEK 2-13 Cell Structures and Functions

➔ Cell ● the smallest functional and structural unit of living organisms.

Two (2) Basic Cell Types

1. Eukaryotic Cell ➔ have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma

2. Prokaryotic Cell membrane.
➔ do not have membrane-bound structures, they do have distinct
cellular regions.

Example Image ▶

The Generalized Cell

Cell | Definition, Types, Functions, Diagram, Division, Theory, & Facts |

Britannica

Plasma membrane ➢ Intracellular fluid (ICF) - includes all fluid enclosed in cells by
separates inside from their plasma membranes.
outside. ➢ Extracellular fluid (ECF) - surrounds all cells in the body.

Nucleus is the control ➔ acts as the cell's brain by telling it what to do, how to grow, and
center of the cell. when to reproduce.

Cytoplasm is 1. Cytosol - semiliquid portion (ICF), which suspends the other

everything between the parts and is a site of chemical reaction.
nucleus and the 2. Organelles - specialized structures with specific functions.
plasma membrane. 3. Inclusions - temporary storage.
 The Plasma Membrane

◀ Example Image

STRUCTURE
● important for fluidity
Phospholipid bilayer ● is a barrier
is the basic structure. ● fluidity and stability
● Integral proteins span the membrane and may be channels,
Phospholipids consist transporters, or receptors.
of fatty acids and ● Peripheral proteins are on one side only and may be enzymes or
alcohol. Arranged in anchors for the cytoskeleton.
two layers, each ● Carbohydrates, proteins, and cholesterol.
phospholipid molecule ● on the outer surface only, including glycoproteins and glycolipids
has a head and two (collectively called glycocalyx), important for recognition of self,
tails. and attachments to other cells.

BASIC FUNCTIONS ● communication within the body and with non-self cells
● defines boundaries and protection.
● maintains chemical and electrical gradients.
● Selective permeability - controls what gets in and out

Membrane Transport

➔ Diffusion In the process of diffusion, a substance tends to move from an area of

high concentration to an area of low concentration until its concentration
becomes equal throughout a space. (Khan Academy)

★ Passive - does not require the cell to expend any energy.

- molecules move down their concentration gradient from greater
→ lesser concentration.

1. Simple Diffusion - Moves through bilayer or protein channel.

2. Osmosis - Water moves across the bilayer.
3. Facilitated Diffusion - Uses a protein carrier.
4. Filtration - Water and solutes are forced through the membrane
by hydrostatic pressure.

★ Active The cell expends energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an
energy-carrying molecule found in cells.

1. Carrier proteins transport substances against their concentration

gradient.
2. Endocytosis - substance brought into cell.
● A piece of membrane surrounds substance and pinches
 off inside the cell (vesicle)
●Pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell
eating)
3. Exocytosis - opposite of endocytosis.

➔ Cell Nucleus Usually round, located at the cell center.

1. double membrane
2. has large nuclear pores
3. contains nucleoli - parts to make ribosomes
4. contains DNA
● in the form of chromatin when cell not dividing (long thin
strands).
● in the form of chromosomes when the cell dividing (coiled
up).

❖ Organelles

A. Endoplasmic reticulum 3D Model of ER - membranous network of channels.

(ER)
➢ Rough ER
1. has ribosomes (rRNA plus proteins)
2. protein and lipid synthesis
➢ Smooth ER
1. continues processing of rough ER products
2. specialized in some cells for lipid synthesis or detoxifying
chemicals.
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