A Tour

of the
Cell 1
Lecturer
Bui Hong Thuy, Ph.D.
 Group 2

1. Nguyễn Hoàng Kim Long – BTBCIU18124

2. Võ Đỗ Minh Trang – BTBCIU18074

3. Trần Thị Phương Thanh – BTBCIU18114

4. Vương Ngọc Thảo Uyên – BTFTIU19047

5. Trần Minh Thiên Lộc - BTBTIU19022

6. Nguyễn Thanh Bảo Long – BTBCIU18128

7. Nguyễn Trung Dũng – BTBCIU18011

8. Nguyễn Công Thành Nghĩa - BTBCIU18142

 Introduction i
Answer
? Questions KT

STEM CELL 

 Nobel prizes
 1.1 Distinguish: Magnification & Resolution

 Magnification is the enlargement of an image; Resolution

is the ability to tell two objects apart.
 Quality:

Magnification Resolution

- Depend on the ratio of an - Depend on the measure of the

object’s image size to its real size
- CANNOT distinguish between
microbes or sub-cellar parts of
microbes.
clarity of the image, or the
minimum distance of two
distinguishable points
- Determine differences between
microbes or parts of microbes
 More used in science,
researching
 Note: Bruch membrane (B); choroid (C); retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); and
retinal rod cells (R)
1.2 Distinguish: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cells

Prokaryotes are
organisms without
a cell nucleus, or
any other
membrane-bound
organelles. Most
are unicellular, but
some prokaryotes
are multicellular.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex
structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most
characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus.
 Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Available in bacterial cells Found in protozoa, fungi, plants and
animals.

Don’t have complete nucleus, membrane The nucleus is surrounded by a

membrane, containing the chromosome
and the nucleus.
Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria Usually multicellular
may be multicellular)

No endothelial system and bounded Endoscopic systems dividing separate

organelles compartments

No cell-shaped skeleton Cell-shaped skeleton

1-10𝜇𝑚 (=1/10 Eukaryotic cell ‘s size) 10-100𝜇𝑚

DNA circular Chromosomes

1.3 Distinguish: Free & Bounded
Ribosomes
1.4 Distinguish: Smooth & Rough ER
 Differences between smooth & rough ER

Smooth ER Rough ER
1. Well developed in steroid hormone Well developed in protein secreting cells.
secreting cells.

2. It tends to be tubular It tends to be cisternal.

3. It is less stable and autolysis readily. It is comparatively more stable.

It may persist for sometime after the
death of the cell.

4. It is devoid of ribosomes. Ribosomes are found associated.

2. The structure and function of the components of
the endomembrane system
Nucleus envelope

• Contain most of the genetic

material in eukaryotic cell.
• Encloses the nucleus
• Double membrane ( lipid
bilayer)
• The outer nuclear membrane
is connected to the Rough ER
• Many nuclear pores allow
materials to move between
the cytosol and the nucleus
• Support for nucleus’s
structure
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The general structure : a

network of membranes
called cisternae. These sac-
like structures are held
together by the
cytoskeleton
• Two distinct regions :
Smooth ER: No ribosomes
Rough ER: have ribosomes ,
connected to The outer
nucleus
• Function: Synthesis and
transport ( protein & Lipid)
organelle
Golgi Apparatus

• In most eukaryotes, It is
made up of a series of
compartments and is a
collection of fused,
flattened membrane-
enclosed disks known
as cisternae
• Function:
Transporting
 Modifying
Sorting & packaging proteins
and lipids
into vesicles for delivery to
targeted destinations
 Lysosomes: digestive compartments

One of the key organelles

involved in digestion and waste
removal is the lysosome.

They digest excess or worn out

organelles, food particles, and
engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Vacuoles

• The vacuole are closed

sacs, made of membranes
with inorganic or organic
molecules inside, such as
enzymes.
• No set shape or size 
can change
• Plants cell have a large
central vacuoles
• Function:
 Hold organic compounds
and water
 Structure Function
Nuclear envelope Lipid bilayer Support for nucleus’s
structure

Endoplasmic A network of membranes Synthesis and transport (

reticulum called cisternae protein and lopids)

Golgi apparatus A series of compartments and transporting

is a collection of fused,  modifying
flattened membrane- Sorting&packaging
enclosed
Lysosomes Organelles involved in Hydrolyze proteins, fats,
digestion and waste removal polysaccharides and nucleic
acids
Vacuoles Closed sacs, made of Hold organic compound and
membranes with inorganic or water
organic molecules inside
Plasma membrane
 Question 3

Briefly explain the role of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and

peroxisomes
Production of ATP

Calcium Homeostasis

Regulation of Innate Immunity

Programmed Cell Death

Stem Cell Regulation

Chloroplasts
Peroxisome
 Involved in catabolism of very
long chain fatty
acids, branched chain fatty
acids, D-amino acids,
and polyamines
reduction of reactive oxygen
species – specifically hydrogen
peroxide
4. Functions of the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules

• Shaping the
cell.
• Guiding
movement of
organelles.
• Separating
chromosomes
during cell
division.
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

• Contain the protein

myosin in addition
to action.
• 3-D network inside
cell mambrane.
 Intermediate Filaments

• Hold “things” in place inside cell.

• More permanent fixtures of cytoskeleton.
• Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location.
 5. Compare Microtubules, Microfilaments and
intermediate Filaments
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate
Filaments
Composition Tubulin dimers Actin Some kind of Keratin

Structure • Hollow tubes, walls • Twisted double • Types of protein

made of columns of actin strands and slightly thicker
tubulin • 7nM diameter • 8-12nM diameter
• 25nM diameter

Function • cell shape • Cell shape • Cell shape

• cilia or flagella • Cellular motility • Fix organelles in
• Chromosome contain the protein place
movement in cell • Changes in cell
division shape
• Guiding movement • Muscle contraction
of organelles
 1.6. Describe the structure and roles of
the extracellular matrix (EMC) in animals

Glycoproteins:
• Collagen
• Proteoglycan
• Fibronectin
Other proteins and
carbohydrates
 1.6. Describe the structure and roles of
the extracellular matrix (EMC) in animals

 Regulate
a cell’s behavior

 Influence
genes’ activities
Intercellular Junctions
 8. Explain how membrane fluidity is influenced
by temperature

The steroid cholesterol

• reduces fluidity at
moderate temperature
• increases fluidity at
low temperature

Biology 10th edition - Campbell

Page 126
8. MEMBRANE FLUIDITY
INFLUENCED BY MEMBRANE
COMPOSITION

Membrane
composition: having
double bonds, Biology 10th edition – Campbell - Page 73
unsaturated
hydrocarbon tails are
bended, therefore,
cannot pack together
as closely as saturated
hydrocarbon tails,
making the
membrane more fluid
Biology 10th edition – Campbell - Page 126
 9. Distinguish between the following
pairs or sets of terms

 Peripheral and integral membrane proteins;

 Channel and carrier proteins;

 Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active

transport;

 Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions

Peripheral and integral membrane proteins

CELL MEMBRANE
SIMILAR:
 Attached to the plasma
membrane.
 Contain hydrophilic components.
 Perform important functions in the
cell
DIFFERENT

Integral Proteins: Peripheral Proteins:

 Highly interact  Interact less with
Integral Proteins:
with the the hydrophobic
Peripheral Proteins:
Integral core Peripheral
core of Proteins:
Peripheral the lipid
hydrophobic
Integral
proteins Proteins:
are
Integral proteins
Proteins: located on the
bilayer.
proteins are inner
proteins
DEFINITION Integral
of the Proteins:
lipid bilayer.
HYDROPHILIC that embedded
LOCATION

in the
are permanently
serve
Contain
Bind as
to carrier
both
the lipid 
orPeripheral
that outer
are surface
Peripheral
temporarily of
Proteins:
INTERACTION
& Peripheral Proteins:
PROTEIN
FUNCTION whole membrane.
attached tochannel
Integral
proteins, the
Proteins: the phospholipid
proteins
attached
serve on
thethe
toreceptors
as
HYDROPHOLIC hydrophilic
bilayer by and contain hydrophilic
Peripheral Proteins:
REMOVAL plasma membrane.
Detergents
proteins, and plasma bilayer.
inner surface
membrane.
and surface of
hydrophobic
hydrophobic, parts. Diluteparts.
salt solutions
enzymes..
electrostatic or the lipid bilayer
antigens.
non-covalent are held by the
interactions. cytoskeleton.
 10. How an electrongenic pump creates voltage
across a membrane

When the cell is stimulated,

gated channels open and ion will
go to the place where the
concentration is lower.
And that movement creates
voltage.
TWO ELECTROGENIC PUMPS:

 Sodium-Potassium pump

 Protons pump
 10. HOW LARGE MOLECULES ARE TRANSPORTED
ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE

Large molecules are transported in

bulk via vesicles
There are 2 types of bulk transport:
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
Transporting the
molecules out of
the cell: Exocytosis
Transport vesicles
migrate to the
membrane, fuse
with it, and release
their contents
Biology 10th edition - Campbell
Page 129

10. HOW LARGE MOLECULES ARE

TRANSPORTED ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE
10. How large molecules are
transported across a cell membrane

Transporting the molecules into the

cell: Endocytosis
The plasma membrane forms the
vesicles that take in large molecules
from the outside
There are 3 types of Endocytosis:

• Phagocytosis

• Pinocytosis

• Receptor-mediate
endocytosis

10. HOW LARGE MOLECULES ARE Biology 10th edition -

TRANSPORTED ACROSS A CELL Campbell
Page 138
MEMBRANE
STEM CELL
Sources of stem cell

Human embryos

Somatic tissues

Inducing differentiated somatic cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
 Nobel Prize
- In 2013:
James E. Rothman, Randy W.
Schekman . They discovered to the
motion on cell by secretory bag.

- In 2014:
John O’Keefe, May-Britt
Moser and Edvard I. Moser whose
discovery is about constitute a
positioning system in the brain of cell

John O’Keefe
 Nobel Prize Physiology and medicine 2016

Molecular Mechanisms of
Autophagy in Yeast

Who did discover to this statement?

What is Autophagy?
What is application?
THANKS FOR
LISTENING